The Easiest Programming Language: REBOL
By: Nick Antonaccio
Updated: 11-13-2013
REBOL is the easiest computer programming language to learn.
Beginners can build practical applications with it in just a few hours.
Experienced professional coders can use it to become immediately productive in ways that aren't possible using other commercial development tools.
Children can even learn REBOL, more easily than BASIC and other "educational" tools, without disappointing technical ceilings that limit creative ability.
REBOL is a tiny (1/2 megabyte) interpreter that uses "Domain Specific Language" (DSL) technology and a combination of other truly unique syntax and design strategies to make simple work of every imaginable coding task. Compare this tutorial to texts about any other programming language, and you'll quickly discover that REBOL is a remarkably concise and practical tool, regardless of your skill level. For immediately productive development, there is nothing else like REBOL, anywhere.
REBOL is now completely free and open source. REBOL was an expensive closed source niche product for many years, but it's recent open source release is allowing it to gain momentum on new platforms, including Android.
See business-programming.com for a complete 850 page text that covers R2 in-depth, or learnrebol.com for a text about R3 (the newest open source version that also works on Android).
Contents:
1. Introducing REBOL2. A Crash Course Introduction to REBOL
2.1 Installing and Running Programs
2.2 Opening REBOL Directly to the Console
2.3 A Whirlwind Tour of Short Code Examples to Whet Your Appetite
2.4 Getting Down to Business
2.5 Databases, Flash Applets, Network Apps, Web Apps, Native DLL Apps and MORE!
2.6 There's So Much More to See
2.7 A Telling Comparison
3. Learning How Everything Works
4. Get a FREE Private REBOL Programming Lesson With Nick Antonaccio
5. More Programs to Look Through
6. One Last Note About Choosing Programming Languages to Learn
1. Introducing REBOL
There is absolutely no programming language easier to learn than REBOL. Despite it's extraordinary simplicity, REBOL is powerful enough to be used for all types of professional application development, critical business system programming, web site development, file and network utility development, games, graphics, media programming, and more. REBOL is significantly faster to learn than Python, Ruby, Visual Basic, PHP, Lua, and other popular scripting languages (and many many times easier and more productive than Java and C), but it covers much of the same common practical ground as those tools. Even "non-programmers" can immediately use REBOL to create multi-platform desktop, mobile, and web applications of all kinds, for business and personal use. REBOL is a free, open source, tiny (1/2 megabyte) download that you can install and start using in less than a minute. It's balanced combination of simplicity, flexibility, and power are unmatched by any other language.
If you're an entrepreneur or business person who wants to improve office productivity and capability in ways that aren't possible using spreadsheets, boxed software packages, Filemaker/Access, or manual calculations, pen and paper, etc., REBOL is the simplest solution for creating cost saving custom applications which improve and enable business processes of all types. If you're an IT professional or the local tech guru searching for a powerful scripting tool to manage and interact with a wide range of common computing technology, including web site scripting and distributed network application creation, REBOL is the easiest tool to provide that power. If you're looking for a fun language to teach children, which will do more than just demonstrate fundamental concepts, there is nothing more immediately understandable and directly usable than REBOL. REBOL requires far less wading through complex, foreign, and confusing initial learning "cruft", than any other language, and it enables even children to actually accomplish real programming goals, without the disappointing or boring technical limits found in "teaching" tools.
REBOL includes amazingly simple to use GUI, graphic, network, email, math, parse, and other capabilities built in - no external libraries required. It's all included in the 1/2 meg download. And REBOL's learning curve is fast. There is only one "series" format to learn, and the exact same functions apply to managing tables of data, text strings, network ports, emails, graphic display lists, files, etc.
REBOL not only replaces other commercial desktop and mobile development languages such as Visual Basic, C, and Java, it also allows you to do all the same things as web server scripting languages such as PHP, Perl, Python, and Ruby. But that's not all - it also functions as a graphic and multimedia platform such as Flash, and replaces DBMSs such as Access, SQLite, and MySQL, a variety of system utility applications, and more, all with one simple paradigm.
REBOL was designed from the ground up, more than any other commercial development tool, to be simple and powerful, and it achieves that mix of capabilities in a way that is not comparable with any other tool. The end result is that you'll find yourself building real REBOL apps very quickly. There's nothing else like it.
This tutorial demonstrates a huge number of REBOL program examples, most of which are only 5 - 10 lines long. See http://business-programming.com for a free 850 page text that teaches how to program more than 100 business related applications in REBOL, from the ground up. Replace complex spreadsheets, database apps, boxed commercial products, and time consuming manual paper work, quickly and easily. No previous coding experience is required.
An older series of 68 YouTube video tutorials about REBOL (10 hours of video) is also available. The tutorial at learnrebol.com shows how to create desktop, web, and Android apps with Rebol version 3 (R3).
See the section below to get a free private video conference lesson about REBOL programming, with Nick Antonaccio.
2. A Crash Course Introduction to REBOL
2.1 Installing and Running Programs
To get started, download and install REBOL/View from http://www.rebol.com/download-view.html (it takes just a few seconds - the whole program is less than 1 Megabyte).
Once it's installed, run REBOL (Start -> Programs -> REBOL -> REBOL View), then click the "Console" Icon.
Type "editor none" at the prompt - that will run REBOL's built in text editor.
At this point, you are ready to start typing in REBOL programs. Copy/paste each example from this tutorial into the REBOL editor to see what the code does. Try it right now. Paste the following code into the REBOL editor, then press [F5] on your keyboard to save and run the program. You can save the file using the default "temp.txt" file name, as prompted, or rename it if you'd like. If you see the REBOL security requestor, select "Allow all":
REBOL [] alert "Hello World!"
If you save your program with a ".r" extension in the file name (i.e., "myprogram.r"), then you can also click your saved program's file icon, and it will run just like any normal executable (.exe) file. Try saving the program above on your desktop as "hello.r", then run it by clicking the hello.r icon on your desktop with your mouse.
2.2 Opening REBOL Directly to the Console
Before typing in or pasting any more code, adjust the following option in the REBOL interpreter: click the "User" menu in the graphic Viewtop that opens by default with REBOL, and uncheck "Open Desktop On Startup". That'll save you the trouble of clicking the "Console" button every time you start REBOL.
Setting your email account information and other user settings, is also recommended at this point.
To actually send and receive email with REBOL scripts, you must set your account username and password with code. You can use the following lines in any email scripts (replace "username" and "password" with your own email account info):
REBOL [] system/schemes/default/user: "username" system/schemes/default/pass: "password"Type "editor %rebol.r" into the REBOL console, save the above lines to the rebol.r file (with your edited username/password), and that code will run automatically every time you open the REBOL interpreter.
2.3 A Whirlwind Tour of Short Code Examples to Whet Your Appetite
You've already seen some code that alerts the user with a popup message:
alert "Hello World!"This line of code sends an email to joe@site.com:
send joe@site.com "Hi Joe!"You can paste short snippets of code like that directly into the REBOL interpreter console - there's no need to run the REBOL multiline editor that you saw in the previous section:
This line writes all the messages read from a user's inbox, to a file named "myemail.txt". Try editing this code to download your own mail (this could take a while if your inbox is full):
write %myemail.txt read pop://user@site.comYou can read the email file downloaded above using REBOL's built in text editor:
editor %myemail.txtThis next example prints the number of days between two dates:
print 24-jan-2013 - 17-feb-1972This line prints the number of dates between now and 17-feb-1972. Try changing the code to calculate the number of days you've been alive:
print now - 17-feb-1972This code prints the number of days between two dates requested from the user:
print request-date - request-dateYou can just as easily perform calculations with many other types of values, and REBOL automatically understands how to compute appropriate responses:
print 10:30pm - 5:18am print now/time - 8:00am print 23x12 - 34x12 print 192.168.1.1 + 0.0.255.1 print 29.99 / 7 print $29.99 / 7Requesting all sorts of data input from users, popping up messages, and performing other common interactive routines are simple tasks. Notice that text can be concatenated, or joined together, using the "join" word:
alert "Hello world" alert join "Current Date and Time: " now request-date request-pass request-text request-text/title "What is your Name?" request-file request-list "Choose a color:" ["Red" "Green" "Blue"] request ["Size:" "Small" "Medium" "Large"] request-color
This example alerts the user with some joined text. The second part of the joined text is a bit of "Favorite Thing" text requested from the user:
alert join "My favorite thing is " request-text/title "Favorite Thing:"
This code requests the user to pick a list of files, and sends the info read from the first file in that list, to several email addresses:
send [joe@aaa.com ann@bbb.com] read first request-fileYou can easily open the web browser to a specified URL, or a URL requested by the user:
browse http://re-bol.com browse request-text/default "http://rebol.com"You can run command line programs from REBOL:
call/show "notepad.exe c:\config.sys" call "echo ^G" call/show request-text/title/default "Enter OS Command:" "dir C:\Windows"Play sounds:
insert s: open sound:// load %/c/windows/media/tada.wav wait s close s insert s: open sound:// load request-file/only wait s close sRead and write, from and to, the system clipboard:
print read clipboard:// write clipboard:// "Open notepad and try pasting now!"Compressing and decompressing data also only takes one line of code:
editor compress read http://rebol.comTry saving the above file as %temp.txt in the editor, and then run the following line of code. You'll see that the compressed data above is only 2456 bytes, while the decompressed data below is 7407 characters long:
editor decompress load %temp.txtREBOL makes it easy to manage all sorts of useful data. You can read and write data, from and to, web sites (you need a user name and password to actually write to a web server), and read info from Time, DNS, News, Mail, and other types of servers:
print read http://rebol.com print read daytime://time.nist.gov print read dns://msn.com print read dns://localhost print read nntp://news.grc.com print read pop://user@site.com print read ftp://user:pass@site.com/index.html write ftp://user:pass@site.com/index.html "Web site coming soon..."This line writes to the system clipboard the HTML code in the web page read from rebol.com. Try pasting text into Notepad, or any other editor (using the Edit -> Paste menu), after running this line:
write clipboard:// read http://rebol.comREBOL's built in text editor lets you easily, read, alter, and save data back to any readable/writable source:
editor clipboard:// editor request-file/onlyIf you have access to a web server, you can try creating and/or editing some pages on your web site (change the username, password, and file name, and be careful not to overwrite any critical file information!):
editor ftp://user:pass@site.com/index.htmlYou can perform all sorts of other useful actions and computations that are far more complex and verbose in other programming languages:
checksum read %file.txt ; compute a checksum to ensure download validity replace/all "xaxbxcxd" "x" "q" ; replace all occurrences of "x" with "q" parse "asdf#qwer&zxcv" "#&" ; split strings at character set trim/all " asdf89w we " ; remove all white space print dehex "a%20space" ; convert from URL encoded string print to-url "a space" ; convert to URL encoded string print detab "tab separated" ; convert tabs to spaces print enbase/base "a string" 64 ; convert string or bin to base 64, 16, 2 print encloak "my data" "my pass" ; encrypt and decrpyt data (AES, blow- print decloak "弟i麕z�" "my pass" ; fish and other formats also supported read-cgi ; neatly parse all data submitted from a web page formThere are hundreds of amazing data management operations you can accomplish in REBOL with just one line, but things get much more interesting when you put together such functionality with simple code that creates windowed user interfaces. The words "view layout" are used in REBOL to create a graphic user interface (GUI) window:
view layout [size 600x440]
You can add "widgets" such as text entry fields, text areas, text selection lists, images, push buttons, etc., to a window, very easily. For multi-line programs like the one below, be sure to paste each program into the REBOL editor and press [F5] to see the code run. Notice that a header and title have been added - the header is required when saving and running REBOL programs in the editor:
REBOL [title: "Widgets"] view layout [ field area text-list image logo.gif btn ]
Adding action and interactivity to widgets in program windows is also dead simple. Just put the actions you want a widget to perform, right next to the widget code, inside square brackets:
REBOL [title: "Widgets Alive!"] view layout [ field "Type Here" [alert join "You typed: " value] text-list data ["1" "2" "3"] [alert join "You selected: " value] area "Multi^/line^/text" [alert value] image logo.gif [alert "You clicked the nice logo"] btn "Click Me" [alert "You clicked the button"] ]
The program below is a nice real world, practical application example. It saves text field data to a CSV (comma separated value) file, which can be opened by spreadsheets and many other types of business programs. It can be used as the basis for entering and saving categorical units of data of almost any type: contact info, personal notes, inventory item lists, sales receipts, etc. Notice that the window layout contains 2 text fields and a button displaying the text "Save Fields". When the button is clicked, a file named "fields.csv" is written to (appended with) the joined contents of each of the text fields. When that's done, the user is alerted with a message that the data has been saved. Reading through the code, it should be fairly straightforward to follow what's happening, even if you don't know anything more about REBOL programming. Try adjusting it to add the contents of a third text field to each row of saved data:
REBOL [title: "Text Field Saver"] view layout [ f1: field f2: field btn "Save Fields" [ write/append %fields.csv rejoin [ f1/text "," f2/text newline ] alert "Saved" ] ]
Here's a simple windowed email program. Try changing the window header title, and add a button that reads email from an account:
REBOL [title: "Send Email"] view layout [ text "Email:" f: field "joe@site.com" text "Message:" a: area btn "Send" [ send to-email f/text a/text alert "Sent" ] ]
Here's a version of the classic "15 square" sliding tile game. Click on tiles to slide them into the adjacent empty space. The goal is to rearrange the letters into alphabetical order. Try changing the letters "abcdefghijklmno" on each tile to the numbers 1-15:
REBOL [title: "Puzzle"] view layout [ origin 0x0 space 0x0 across style p button 60x60 [ if not find [0x60 60x0 0x-60 -60x0] face/offset - x/offset [exit] temp: face/offset face/offset: x/offset x/offset: temp ] p "O" p "N" p "M" p "L" return p "K" p "J" p "I" p "H" return p "G" p "F" p "E" p "D" return p "C" p "B" p "A" x: p white edge [size: 0] ]
This program displays live video from an online web cam. The camera stream can be changed at any point by editing the .jpg URL address (a Google search will turn up thousands of other available .jpg camera URLs):
REBOL [title: "Video"] url: http://cam.luzern.org/axis-cgi/jpg/image.cgi?resolution=320x240 view layout [ image 640x480 rate 0 feel [ engage: func [f a e] [ if a = 'time [ f/image: load url show f ] ] ] ]
This is a paint/doodle app that lets you draw on the screen with your mouse. Most of this example is "boilerplate" code (stock code that you just need to memorize and reuse in similar programs), to watch for mouse activity and other dynamic user actions. Try changing the color of the drawing area to tan, and have the program print the mouse coodinate (the "e/offset" value), every time the mouse is moved:
REBOL [title: "Paint"] view layout [ s: area white feel [ engage: func [f a e] [ if a = 'over [append s/effect/draw e/offset show s] if a = 'up [append s/effect/draw 'line] ] ] effect [draw [line]] btn "Clear" [s/effect/draw: copy [line] show s] ]
You've already seen how the number of days between any 2 dates can be computed with a single line of code. This program presents a nice windowed graphic user interface to allow users to select dates. The button text changes to show each of the user-selected dates. Try joining the words "Start date: " and "End date:" to the appropriate button texts:
REBOL [title: "Days Between"] view layout [ btn 200 "Start" [face/text: s: request-date] btn 200 "End" [ face/text: e: request-date f/text: e - s show f ] text "Days Between:" f: field ]
Here's a calculator app. Notice that most of the code is simply button names that appear on screen. The rest of the program sets up the layout, and then 2 lines of code perform all the thoughtful work, including an error check to ensure the program doesn't crash in situations such as attempted divide-by-zero. Try adding a button to compute the remainder of division operations (create a new button with the modulo characters "//"). Using any other programming language, creating a simple applications like this typically requires at least a few dozen hours of learning:
REBOL [title: "Calculator"] view layout [ origin 0 space 0x0 across style btn btn 50x50 [append f/text face/text show f] f: field 200x40 font-size 20 return btn "1" btn "2" btn "3" btn " + " return btn "4" btn "5" btn "6" btn " - " return btn "7" btn "8" btn "9" btn " * " return btn "0" btn "." btn " / " btn "=" [ attempt [f/text: form do f/text show f] ] ]
You've already seen a one line example that plays a .wav sound file. This jukebox program allows the user to change folders and automatically list all .wav files, select which files to play with the mouse, and it checks for errors (such as attempted playing of 2 simultaneous files), etc. Watch what happens if you remove the "attempt" word and the following enclosed square brackets, and try changing the start directory to a folder of your choice, on your hard drive:
REBOL [title: "Jukebox"] change-dir %/c/Windows/media do list: [remove-each file files: copy read %. [%.wav <> suffix? file]] view layout [ waves: text-list data copy files [ attempt [insert s: open sound:// load value wait s close s] ] btn "Dir" [ attempt [change-dir request-dir] do list waves/data: copy files show waves ] ]
Here's a simple video game example. Use the space bar to change direction, and try to catch the falling pieces. The game is over when you've dropped more pieces than you've caught. Be careful - the more you catch, the speedier the game play gets! High scores are saved to a file and displayed in sorted order, from lowest to highest. The "s" variable holds the score, the "p" variable holds the speed, and the "d" variable holds the directional motion of the player piece. Try changing some of the variable values, such as the start speed, so that the game begins at a slower pace. Then, try saving high scores to a file stored on an FTP server, so that all players can compare ranked scores online. You can make all those changes without adding any new lines of code:
REBOL [title: "Catch Game"] s: 1 p: 3 d: 10 n: now/time random/seed now r: func [x] [y/offset: random 500x-20 p: p + .1 s: s + x] view/new center-face g: layout/size [ t: text 200 y: image logo.gif #" "[d: negate d] at 350x415 z: btn blue ] 600x440 forever [ y/offset/2: y/offset/2 + round p z/offset/1: z/offset/1 - d z/offset/1: switch/default z/offset/1[0[0 + d]550[550 + d]][z/offset/1] if overlap? z y [r +1] if y/offset/2 > 420 [r -1] t/text: form now/time - n wait .01 show g if s = 0 [ write/append %h "" save %h sort/skip append h: load %h reduce [t/text request-text/title "Name:"]2 request-list "High Scores:" h q ] ]
Here's a little math test app. To make it easier or harder, try changing the range of random numbers, and adjust the question to perform subtraction, multiplication, division, and other types of operations:
REBOL [title: "Math Test"] random/seed now x: does [rejoin [random 10 " + " random 20]] view layout [ f1: field x text "Answer:" f2: field [ alert either f2/text = form do f1/text ["Yes!"]["No"] f1/text: x show f1 focus f2 ] ]
If you want to interest boys in programming, try adding some adjectives and nouns to the next program, and change it to generate insults:
REBOL [title: "Compliment Generator"] random/seed now view layout [ x: area "brilliant rare unique talented exceptional" y: area "genius champion winner success achiever" btn "Compliment" [ alert rejoin [ "You're a " first random parse x/text none " " first random parse y/text none "!" ] ] ]
REBOL has many graphic and image editing capabilities built in. Here are just a few:
REBOL [title: "Image Effects"] view layout [ pic: image load http://re-bol.com/palms.jpg text-list data [ "Invert" "Grayscale" "Emboss" "Blur" "Sharpen" "Flip 1x1" "Rotate 90" "Tint 83" "Contrast 66" "Luma 150" "None" ][ pic/effect: to-block value show pic ] ]
These 2 examples demonstrate REBOL's "draw" dialect. Experiment with some of the draw commands to create a picture of your own. You can see how it works just by reading the code (edit the commands between the "draw" block):
REBOL [title: "Random Drawing"] view layout [ box 400x400 black effect [ draw [ pen red line 0x400 400x50 pen white box 100x20 300x380 fill-pen green circle 250x250 100 pen blue fill-pen orange line-width 5 spline closed 3 20x20 200x70 150x200 polygon 20x20 200x70 150x200 50x300 ] ] ]
REBOL [title: "Cube With Gradient"] view layout [ box 400x220 effect [ draw [ fill-pen 200.100.90 polygon 20x40 200x20 380x40 200x80 fill-pen 200.130.110 polygon 20x40 200x80 200x200 20x100 fill-pen 100.80.50 polygon 200x80 380x40 380x100 200x200 ] gradmul 180.180.210 60.60.90 ] ]
This little script shows how easily the draw dialect can manipulate images. Again, everything outside the draw block is "boilerplate" code (you can copy/paste it, and simply change the screen size, color, etc.). This particular example adds window features such as tight spacing (no border), no title bar, and centered window placement. Since there is no close button in this window, you'll need to use the [ALT]+F4 keys to end the program:
REBOL [title: "Image Contort"] view/options center-face layout/tight [ box 400x400 black effect [ draw [ image logo.gif 10x10 350x200 250x300 50x300 ] ] ] [no-title]
There's a small paint program created by Frank Sievertsen and Graham Chiu. This fun and useful app is created entirely with REBOL draw, and it's only 238 lines of code!:
REBOL [title: "Paint"] do http://re-bol.com/paintplus.r paint none []
NOTE: You can load saved images and/or drawing edits in the program above, using this line of code:
paint load %myimage.png load %edits.txtTo see a bit more about what's possible with REBOL draw dialect, take a look at these examples by talented developers in the REBOL community:
REBOL [title: "Draw Examples"] do http://re-bol.com/rd3_jet.r do http://re-bol.com/christmas_drive.r do http://re-bol.com/raycasting.r do http://re-bol.com/rotate.r do http://re-bol.com/quick_hack.r do http://re-bol.com/imagination.r
Here's a tiny text editor program that allows you to read, edit, and save any text file. To create the program window and widgets, this program uses a GUI library called "RebGUI" which is imported directly from re-bol.com (you must have an Internet connection available to run this example). Notice that the RebGUI library uses the word "display", with some options, instead of "view layout", to create the program window. There are some nice features enabled by RebGUI, such as undo/redo editing in the text area, automatic screen and widget resizing, simple menus, built in spell check in the text area (press CTRL+S), and controlled handling of how the program is closed (so users don't accidentally lose changes before saving). Try adding a "Quit" menu option:
REBOL [title: "Text Editor"] do http://re-bol.com/rebgui.r display/maximize/close "Text Editor" [ menu #LHW data [ "File" [ " Open " [a/text: read request-file/only show a] " Save " [write request-file/only/save a/text] ] ] return a: area #LHW ] [question "Really Close?"] do-events
NOTE: If you want to make the program above run without having to download the rebgui.r file each time, just replace the following line with the actual code found at http://re-bol.com/rebgui.r. You can copy and paste that code from your browser, or from "editor http://re-bol.com/rebgui.r" in REBOL:
do http://re-bol.com/rebgui.r
2.4 Getting Down to Business
The examples above are cute and interesting, but programming languages aren't useful (beyond being instructive and fun) unless they can help you get work accomplished. The short script below is a great introduction to the powerful business capabilities available in REBOL. This program downloads a Paypal account file from the web (at http://re-bol.com/Download.csv), parses apart the data in each line (splitting at the comma character), calculates the sum of all money values in the "Gross" transactions column (col #8), and alerts the user with the total. This is the sort of work most commonly accomplished with spreadsheet applications. Copying and pasting these several lines of code, however, takes less time than downloading the file with a browser, opening a spreadsheet program, importing the data, and summing the numbers with a formula. It also only needs to be written once, and executed any time the live data changes. Using a spreadsheet would require a complete download/import/run cycle for every change to the data source. Complex conditional and algorithmic evaluations, nearly impossible to accomplish with a spreadsheet, would require only a few lines of code added to this example. If you want to total other columns, just change the number 8, to the column that you'd like to total. If you want to work with a local file stored on your hard drive, change the URL to %SomeFileOnYourHardDrive.csv. If you want to work with values that are not money, try changing the "to-money" word to "to-decimal" (or to-time, to-date, etc.). This report starts with the second row, because the first row is just a list of column labels. To begin reporting at line 1, change the number 2 to a 1:
REBOL [title: "Paypal Reports"] sum: $0 foreach line at read/lines http://re-bol.com/Download.csv 2 [ sum: sum + to-money pick (parse/all line ",") 8 ] alert join "Total Gross Sales: " sum
You can introduce any sort of logic you want to the code above. This variation only prints rows that contain the text "Saoud" in the name column (col #4). Try changing the search to "John Smith":
REBOL [title: "Paypal Reports #2"] foreach line at read/lines http://re-bol.com/Download.csv 2 [ row: parse/all line "," if find row/4 "Saoud" [print join row newline] ] halt
This variation prints the Gross transaction values (col #8), for transactions in which the time value (col #2) is between midnight and noon. Try changing the search times to afternoon:
REBOL [title: "Paypal Reports #3"] foreach line at read/lines http://re-bol.com/Download.csv 2 [ row: parse/all line "," time: to-time row/2 if (time >= 0:00am) and (time <= 12:00pm) [print row/8] ] halt
This example parses all but the first line of the Paypal data file, and creates a list of all the names in col #4. Then it determines a list of all unique names found in that list, and prints the number of times each unique name is found in the names column:
REBOL [title: "Paypal Reports #4"] names: copy [] foreach line at read/lines http://re-bol.com/Download.csv 2 [ append names fourth parse/all line "," ] foreach name unique names [ count: 0 foreach n names [if name = n [++ count]] print rejoin [name ": " count newline] ] halt
REBOL can do many more useful things which Excel can't even dream of accomplishing. Here's a fully functional web page editor. This little GUI program can be used to edit live web pages on the Internet, with a simple little GUI interface (to use this script, you need to know the username, password, and path of a file on a web server to which you have access):
REBOL [title: "Web Page Editor"] view layout [ f: field 600 "ftp://user:pass@site.com/public_html/page.html" a: area 600x350 across btn "Load" [a/text: read to-url f/text show a] btn "Save" [write to-url f/text a/text alert "Saved"] ]
This FTP program provides even more web site maintenance functionality. It allows the user to browse, click, and edit all the files in any folder on any web server. Just type a URL path to browse (you must have access to a web server, and know the username/password). Type a file name at the end of the path to automatically create a new file. Click any listed files to view, edit, and save changes back to the web server. You could actually create and manage an entire commercial web site using this little program alone:
REBOL [title: "FTP Tool"] view layout [ f: field 600 "ftp://user:pass@site.com/public_html/" [ either dir? to-url value [ t/data: sort read to-url value show t ][ editor to-url value ] ] t: text-list 600x400 [editor to-url join f/text value] ]
This calendar app allows the user to select a day from the calendar. Events for the day are typed into a text area and then appended to a text file. The user can go back any time and view/edit/save events for any day. You could actually use this app to reliably manage your schedule. If you need to move the entire application and data to another computer, just copy this tiny REBOL program and the saved text file (named "schedule"), to a USB drive, send it by email, etc. Try changing the date display on each schedule page to bold text, so that it stands out more clearly:
REBOL [title: "Calendar"] do cal: [ write/append %schedule "" date: request-date view layout [ text form date a: area form select to-block ( find/last load %schedule date ) date btn "Save" [ write/append %schedule rejoin [date mold a/text] unview do cal ] ] ]
This program creates a graphic bar chart from a list of numbers. It uses a library called "q-plot" which is imported directly from re-bol.com (you must have an Internet connection available to run this example). Try changing the number list:
REBOL [title: "Q-Plot Bar Chart"] do http://re-bol.com/q-plot.r view quick-plot [ 600x400 bars [5 3 8 2 10 3 4 9 5 7] ]
This pie chart example adds features such as a title, labels, and some exploded sections. Try adjusting the features - it's simple enough to figure out without instruction:
REBOL [title: "Exploded Pie Chart"] do http://re-bol.com/q-plot.r view quick-plot [ 400x400 pie [10 3 6 1 8] labels [A B C D E] explode [3 5] title "Exploded Sections C and E" style vh2 ]
This program draws a chart using REBOL's powerful native GUI drawing capabilities. No downloaded library is required. This code just puts box widgets on the screen that are sized for each value in the data block. Try changing the width and length of the boxes:
REBOL [title: "Chart"] data: [12 3 9 38 1 23 18] gui: copy [backdrop white] foreach val data [append gui compose [box blue (as-pair (val * 10) 40)]] view layout gui
This script uses REBOL's native graphics abilities to display the chart in a movable 3D view (use the "asdfghjkl" keys to adjust the camera angle and position). Try adjusting the data to plot labels and values computed by the earlier Paypal Reports examples:
REBOL [title: "3D Graph"] graph-data: [ ["Jan" 11.0] ["Feb" 22.0] ["Mar" 25.0] ["Apr" 55.0] ["May" 35.0] ["Jun" 75.0] ["Jul" 20.0] ["Aug" 33.0] ["Sep" 21.0] ["Oct" 55.0] ["Nov" 65.0] ["Dec" 45.0] ] do http://re-bol.com/r3dchart.r
This example demonstrates how to use Google's powerful web API to display graphs. The graph you see output by this code is created by Google's live web servers. The REBOL code you see here is much simpler to understand and use than the native API made available by Google (check out the documentation here):
REBOL [title: "Google Charts"] do http://reb4.me/r/google-charts.r browse chart [ title: "Chart Example" type: 'pie size: 350x150 labels: ["Red" "Green" "Blue"] data: [50 40 10] colors: reduce [red green blue] area: [color solid 244.244.240] ]
This program demonstrates how to display a grid of spreadsheet-like table data. Many features, such as automatic sorting, saving data to different formats, and more are automatically enabled. Try expanding the data set to include 4 rows and 4 columns of values:
REBOL [title: "Grid"] headers: ["Numbers" "Text" "Dates"] x: [ [1 "1" "1-1-2012"] [11 "11" "1-2-2012"] [2 "2" "1-3-2012"] ] do http://re-bol.com/gridlib.r
Here's a full screen slide show presentation example. It just uses REBOL's native GUI layout language to present text, images, and other items on screen (the size of the user's screen is found in the value "system/view/screen-face/size"). Try adding a page that includes any other windowed (GUI) program you've seen so far in this text:
REBOL [title: "Simple Presentation"] slides: [ [ at 0x0 box system/view/screen-face/size white [unview] at 20x20 h1 blue "Slide 1" box black 2000x2 text "This slide takes up the full screen." text "Adding images is easy:" image logo.gif image stop.gif image info.gif image exclamation.gif text "Click anywhere on the screen for next slide..." box black 2000x2 ] [ at 0x0 box system/view/screen-face/size effect [ gradient 1x1 tan brown ] [unview] at 20x20 h1 blue "Slide 2" box black 2000x2 text "Gradients and color effects are easy in REBOL:" box effect [gradient 123.23.56 254.0.12] box effect [gradient blue gold/2] text "Click anywhere on the screen to close..." box black 2000x2 ] ] foreach slide slides [ view/options center-face layout slide 'no-title ]
Here's a slightly more complex email app than the little sender you saw earlier. Click the "Server settings" button, and you can enter all your email account information to read and send emails from any server (notice that most of the lengthy code in this program is simply there to collect account information from the user). Try adding some code that joins the current date and time to the subject line of any sent email:
REBOL [title: "Email"] view layout[ h1 "Send:" btn "Server settings" [ system/schemes/default/host: request-text/title "SMTP Server:" system/schemes/pop/host: request-text/title "POP Server:" system/schemes/default/user: request-text/title "SMTP User Name:" system/schemes/default/pass: request-text/title "SMTP Password:" system/user/email: to-email request-text/title "Your Email Addr:" ] a: field "user@website.com" s: field "Subject" b: area btn "Send"[ send/subject to-email a/text b/text s/text alert "Sent" ] h1 "Read:" f: field "pop://user@site.com" btn "Read" [editor to-url f/text] ]
While you're thinking about email, here's a little script that opens an account and displays the first 20000 characters of each individual message. Try changing the code to read the first 50000 characters in each email, and alert the user with the word "Done" after the last email is displayed. If you can do that, try integrating this code into the program above, inside the "Read" button's action block:
REBOL [title: "Email"] email: open pop://user:pass@site.com repeat count length? email [ print join newpage "Press [ESC] to quit..." editor copy/part email/:count 20000 ]Here's a card file program that can be used to save and browse categorical information of any type, like a Rolodex. Try changing the text labels and the file name "%c" to store different types of info:
REBOL [title: "Card File"] write/append %c "" view center-face g: layout [ h3 "Name:" x: field h3 "Info:" z: area wrap across btn "Save" [do-face d 1 save %c repend f [x/text z/text]] btn "Load" [ c: request-list" Select:" extract (f: load %c) 2 if c = none [return] x/text: first find f c z/text: select f x/text show g ] btn "New" [x/text: copy "" z/text: copy "" show g focus x] d: btn "Delete" [ if true = request "Sure?" [ remove/part (find (f: load %c) x/text) 2 save %c f alert "ok" ] ] ]
Here's a small but fully functional cash register application. Try adjusting it to include a yes/no sales tax field, to automatically compute sales tax, only for items that are taxable:
REBOL [title: "Minimal Cash Register"] view gui: layout [ style fld field 80 across text "Cashier:" cashier: fld text "Item:" item: fld text "Price:" price: fld [ if error? try [to-money price/text] [alert "Price error" return] append a/text reduce [mold item/text tab price/text newline] item/text: copy "" price/text: copy "" sum: 0 foreach [item price] load a/text [sum: sum + to-money price] subtotal/text: form sum tax/text: form sum * .06 total/text: form sum * 1.06 focus item show gui ] return a: area 600x300 return text "Subtotal:" subtotal: fld text "Tax:" tax: fld text "Total:" total: fld btn "Save" [ items: replace/all (mold load a/text) newline " " write/append %sales.txt rejoin [ items newline cashier/text newline now/date newline ] clear-fields gui a/text: copy "" show gui ] ]
This report program computes a sum of all sales made on the current day, using the program above. Try to adjust it to provide reports for a list of dates:
REBOL [title: "Daily Total"] sales: read/lines %sales.txt sum: $0 foreach [items cashier date] sales [ if now/date = to-date date [ foreach [item price] load items [ sum: sum + to-money price ] ] ] alert rejoin ["Total sales today: " sum]
Here's a shopping list app. Too add an item, just type into the text field and press [Enter]. The program checks the list to prevent duplicate entries. To remove any item from the list, click the chosen line in the text-list widget. The "Sort" button sorts the list alphabetically. You can save and reload lists by clicking the "Save" and "Load" buttons:
REBOL [title: "Shopping List"] view layout [ t: text-list 500x400 [remove find t/data value show t] f: field 500 [ if not find t/data value [append t/data copy value] show t focus f ] across btn "Save" [save %shopping.txt t/data alert "Saved"] btn "Load" [t/data: load %shopping.txt show t] btn "Sort" [sort t/data show t] ]
This version of the program above adds some features to create a useful to-do list. Additional buttons are added to allow selected items to be shifted to any position in the list. File requestors are added to allow the user to save and load different file names. A "Print" button is added to send the screen list to the system default image application, to print a paper copy. A number of error checks are also added, just in case the user cancels save/load operations, tries to shift item positions without first selecting an item, etc.:
REBOL [title: "To Do"] view/new gui: layout [ t: text-list 500x400 across f: field [if not find t/data v: value [append t/data copy v] focus f] btn "Del" [remove find t/data t/picked] btn "Up" [attempt [move/to z: find t/data t/picked (index? z) - 1]] btn "Down" [attempt [move/to z: find t/data t/picked (index? z) + 1]] btn "Load" [attempt [t/data: load request-file/file/only %todo.txt]] btn "Save" [attempt [ save request-file/save/file/only %todo.txt t/data alert "Saved" ]] btn "Print" [save/png %todo.png to-image gui call/show %todo.png] ] forever [wait .1 show gui if not viewed? gui [quit]]
Here's a timer application that requests from the user a number of seconds to wait, displays a running timer count, and then beeps 5 times to alert the user when the time has passed:
REBOL [title: "Timer"] call "" seconds: to-integer ask "Seconds: " repeat i seconds [print join newpage i wait 1] loop 5 [call/wait "echo ^G" wait 1]
Here are a few slightly more complicated application examples. The first one makes use of menu and tab panel widgets to layout a complex program interface. Take note of just how much interactivity and functional screen design is presented in this relatively short bit of code. You can probably figure out most of what the code does, without much help. Try adding a new "time" item to the "options" menu, which alerts the user with the current time, when selected. Also try copying any of the previous windowed (GUI) programs in this text, to a new tab panel:
REBOL [title: "Menu and Tab Panel"] do http://re-bol.com/cyphremenu.r view/options layout [ across space 0x0 origin 0x0 mn: menu with [ size: 470x20 data: [ " File " [ "Open" # "Ctrl+O" [request-file] "Save" # "Ctrl+S" [request-file/save] bar "Exit" [quit] ] " Options " [ "Preferences" sub [ "Colors" [alert form request-color] "Settings" [request-text/title "Enter new setting:"] ] "About" [alert "Menu Widget by Cyphre"] ] ] ] below at 10x25 my-tabs: tab-panel data [ "Fields" [ h1 "Tab Panel by Cyphre" field field area area btn "Ok" ] "Data List" [ t1: text-list 400x430 data system/locale/months [alert value] ] ] ] [resize]
This is a parts database app, but it could just as easily be converted to hold receipts, contacts, or any other information, just by changing the text labels. Try adjusting it to store Name, Address, and Phone info:
REBOL [title: "Parts"] write/append %data.txt "" database: load %data.txt view center-face gui: layout [ text "Parts in Stock:" name-list: text-list blue 400x100 data sort (extract database 4) [ if value = none [return] marker: index? find database value n/text: pick database marker a/text: pick database (marker + 1) p/text: pick database (marker + 2) o/text: pick database (marker + 3) show gui ] text "Part Name:" n: field 400 text "Manufacturer:" a: field 400 text "SKU:" p: field 400 text "Notes:" o: area 400x100 across btn "Save" [ if n/text = "" [alert "You must enter a Part name." return] if find (extract database 4) n/text [ either true = request "Overwrite existing record?" [ remove/part (find database n/text) 4 ] [ return ] ] save %data.txt repend database [n/text a/text p/text o/text] name-list/data: sort (extract copy database 4) show name-list ] btn "Delete" [ if true = request rejoin ["Delete " n/text "?"] [ remove/part (find database n/text) 4 save %data.txt database do-face clear-button 1 name-list/data: sort (extract copy database 4) show name-list ] ] clear-button: btn "New" [ n/text: copy "" a/text: copy "" p/text: copy "" o/text: copy "" show gui ] ]
Here's a complete spreadsheet application, originally written in REBOL by Carl Sassenrath, which can inherently use the entire REBOL language and all it's features to process cell data (math, graphics, Internet connectivity, file and network port data access, parse ability, native dialogs and GUI widgets to enable user input, and all other general purpose capabilities of the language are available to functions in this tiny 68 line program):
REBOL [Title: "Rebocalc" Authors: ["Carl Sassenrath" "Nick Antonaccio"]] csize: 100x20 max-x: 8 max-y: 16 pane: [] xy: csize / 2 + 1 * 1x0 yx: csize + 1 * 0x1 layout [ cell: field csize edge none [enter face compute face/para/scroll: 0x0] label: text csize white black bold center ] char: #"A" repeat x max-x [ append pane make label [offset: xy text: char] set in last pane 'offset xy xy: csize + 1 * 1x0 + xy char: char + 1 ] repeat y max-y [ append pane make label [offset: yx text: y size: csize * 1x2 / 2] yx: csize + 1 * 0x1 + yx ] xy: csize * 1x2 / 2 + 1 cells: tail pane repeat y max-y [ char: #"A" repeat x max-x [ v: to-word join char y set v none char: char + 1 append pane make cell [offset: xy text: none var: v formula: none] xy: csize + 1 * 1x0 + xy ] xy: csize * 1x2 / 2 + 1 + (xy * 0x1) ] enter: func [face /local data] [ if empty? face/text [exit] set face/var face/text data: either face/text/1 = #"=" [next face/text][face/text] if error? try [data: load data] [exit] if find [ integer! decimal! money! time! date! tuple! pair! ] type?/word :data [set face/var data exit] if face/text/1 = #"=" [face/formula: :data] ] compute: has [blk] [ unfocus foreach cell cells [ if cell/formula [ either cell/text = "formula" [ cell/text: join "=" form cell/formula show cell return ][ if error? cell/text: try [do cell/formula] [ cell/text: "ERROR!" ] ] set cell/var cell/text show cell ] ] ] lo: layout [ bx: box second span? pane text "Example: type '7' into A1, '19' into B1, '=a1 + b1' into C1" text "Type 'formula' into any cell to edit an existing formula (C1)." ] bx/pane: pane view center-face lo
2.5 Databases, Flash Applets, Network Apps, Web Apps, Native DLL Apps and MORE!
Reading and writing data to/from database systems is simple in REBOL. This example downloads a MySQL database driver and prints all the items in the "John" table of the "contacts" database on a locally hosted MySQL server. Can you figure out how to adjust the code to get all the items from the "Joe" table?:
REBOL [title: "MySQL"] do http://re-bol.com/mysql-protocol.r print read/custom mysql://root@localhost/contacts ["SELECT * FROM John"]Here's a full example that creates an SQLite database, adds data, manipulates entries, and displays the results. Try adjusting the code to add information for another person, and delete entries that contain the phone number 555-1234:
REBOL [title: "SQLITE Example"] unless exists? %sqlite3.dll [ write/binary %sqlite3.dll read/binary http://re-bol.com/sqlite3.dll ] unless exists? %sqlite.r [ write %sqlite.r read http://re-bol.com/sqlite.r ] do %sqlite.r db: connect/create %contacts.db SQL "create table contacts (name, address, phone, birthday)" SQL {insert into contacts values ('"John Doe"', '"1 Street Lane"', '"555-9876"', '"1967-10-10"') } data: [ "John Smith" "123 Toleen Lane" "555-1234" "1972-02-01" "Paul Thompson" "234 Georgetown Pl." "555-2345" "1972-02-01" "Jim Persee" "345 Portman Pike" "555-3456" "1929-07-02" "George Jones" "456 Topforge Court" "" "1989-12-23" "Tim Paulson" "" "555-5678" "2001-05-16" ] SQL "begin" foreach [name address phone bd] data [ SQL reduce [ "insert into contacts values (?, ?, ?, ?)" name address phone bd ] ] SQL "commit" SQL ["DELETE from Contacts WHERE birthday = ?" "1967-10-10"] results: SQL "select * from contacts" probe results disconnect db halt
REBOL can be used to create and compile Flash applets that are useful in web based graphics and animation apps:
REBOL [title: "Flash"] cd %/c/4/ do http://re-bol.com/rswf.r make-swf/save/html http://re-bol.com/swf5-starfield1.rswf browse %starfield1.html
REBOL enables powerful and easy to use network capabilities. This program displays the WAN and LAN network IP addresses of the user's computer. The extremely powerful "parse" function replaces the need for "regular expressions" found in most other languages, with a much simpler and easier to read alternative:
REBOL [title: "IP Addresses"] parse read http://guitarz.org/ip.cgi [thru <title> copy w to </title>] wan: last parse w none alert rejoin ["WAN: " wan " -- LAN: " read join dns:// read dns://]
Here's a text message app that can be used to send private notes to other users on a network:
REBOL [title: "Network Text Message"] view layout [ across q: btn "Serve"[focus g p: first wait open/lines tcp://:8 z: 1]text"OR" k: btn "Connect"[focus g p: open/lines rejoin[tcp:// i/text ":8"]z: 1] i: field form read join dns:// read dns:// return r: area rate 4 feel [engage: func [f a e][if a = 'time and value? 'z [ if error? try [x: first wait p] [quit] r/text: rejoin [x "^/" r/text] show r ]]] return g: field "Type message here [ENTER]" [insert p value focus face] ]
Here's a full featured network VOIP (voice over IP) intercom/walkie-talkie app, with hands-free operation enabled. In other languages, this would likely take a few (or actually many many many) pages of code to achieve the same results:
REBOL [title: "VOIP"] do [write %ireceive.r {REBOL [] if error? try [port: first wait open/binary/no-wait tcp://:8] [quit] wait 0 speakers: open sound:// forever [ if error? try [mark: find wav: copy wait port #""] [quit] i: to-integer to-string copy/part wav mark while [i > length? remove/part wav next mark] [append wav port] insert speakers load to-binary decompress wav ]} launch %ireceive.r lib: load/library %winmm.dll mci: make routine! [c [string!] return: [logic!]] lib "mciExecute" if (ip: ask "Connect to IP (none = localhost): ") = "" [ip: "localhost"] if error? try [port: open/binary/no-wait rejoin [tcp:// ip ":8"]] [quit] mci "open new type waveaudio alias wav" forever [ mci "record wav" wait 2 mci "save wav r" mci "delete wav from 0" insert wav: compress to-string read/binary %r join l: length? wav #"" if l > 4000 [insert port wav] ; squelch (don't send) if too quiet ]]
Here's a text chat application that can be used by groups of people to create their own rooms and share private conversations online (using any available FTP server - and absolutely nothing needs to be set up on the server beforehand). This is a console application that can be used on virtually any operating system for which REBOL has been compiled (over 40 and counting), even those which don't have graphics capabilities. Try adjusting it to add the current time and date to each message entry:
REBOL [title: "Group Chat (Console)"] url: ftp://user:pass@site.com/public_html/chat write/append url "" name: copy ask "^LName: " forever [ notes: copy read url message: ask rejoin [newpage notes "Message: "] if message = "erase" [write url ""] if message <> "" [ write/append url rejoin [ now " (" name "): " message "^/^/" ] ] ]
Here's a GUI version of the above program, with a nice windowed graphic user interface:
REBOL [title: "Group Chat (GUI)"] url: ftp://user:pass@site.com/public_html/chat write/append url "" name: request-text/title "Name:" view gui: layout [ a: area 600x300 text "New Message:" message: field 600 [ if message/text = "erase" [write url ""] if message/text <> "" [ write/append url rejoin [ now " (" name "): " message/text "^/^/" ] ] a/text: copy read url focus message show gui ] ]
One of the greatest things about REBOL is that it can be used as a fully capable web site development language (for the same purposes as PHP, ASP, Perl, Python, Ruby, and other popular server programming languages). It can do everything that those languages can do, only with far less code. Because REBOL is tiny and has been ported to nearly every server OS available, it's easy to copy REBOL to your web site and use it to output web pages. Here's a web version of the above script that can be installed on a web server, so that people can connect to the chat app, using only a browser, on any Internet connected computer, phone, tablet, or other device:
#!rebol276 -cs REBOL [title: "Group Chat (Web App)"] print {content-type: text/html^/} url: ftp://user:pass@site.com/public_html/chat write/append url "" submitted: decode-cgi read-cgi if submitted/2 = "erase" [write url ""] if submitted/2 <> none [ write/append url rejoin [ now " (" submitted/2 "): " submitted/4 "^/^/" ] ] notes: copy read url print rejoin [ "<pre>" notes "</pre>" {<FORM ACTION="http://site.com/tinychat.cgi"> Name:<br> <input type=text size="65" name="username"><br> Message:<br> <textarea name=message rows=5 cols=50></textarea><br> <input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit"> </FORM>} ]
The three programs above are totally interoperable. Take a look at the similar flow of code between the three versions. A person can use any of these three tiny apps to send and immediately view messages transferred by users operating any of the other versions.
Here's a web version of the calendar app you saw earlier. The lengthy code in this program has nothing to do with REBOL. To create any web app, it's necessary to print "HTML" code, which is the language used to format all web pages for display in browsers. HTML actually has a syntax that's simpler than many of the other GUI programming languages used to create windowed applications. Even though this interface is much more plain looking than the REBOL GUI version, take note of how much more complex and verbose the code is! This is simple compared to the code you'll find in other programming languages, to create even little windowed apps like the REBOL calendar program you saw earlier:
#!rebol276 -cs REBOL [title: "Calendar"] print {content-type: text/html^/} submitted: decode-cgi read-cgi if submitted/2 <> none [ date: to-date rejoin [submitted/4 "-" submitted/2 "-" submitted/6] appointments: form select to-block ( find/last to-block read %schedule date ) date write/append %schedule current: rejoin [ date mold rejoin [appointments "<br><br>" submitted/8] ] print rejoin ["<pre>" current "</pre>"] ] years: ["2011" "2012" "2013"] print { <FORM ACTION="http://site.com/cal.cgi"> Date: <br> <select NAME="month">} foreach o system/locale/months [prin rejoin [{<option>} o]] print {</option> </select> <select NAME="day">} for o 1 31 1 [prin rejoin [{<option>} o]] print {</option> </select> <select NAME="year">} foreach o years [prin rejoin [{<option>} o]] print {</option> </select> <br><br> Add Event:<br> <input type=text size="65" name="event"><br> <INPUT TYPE="SUBMIT" NAME="Submit" VALUE="Submit"> </FORM> }
When you program in REBOL, most of the time you'll use REBOL's compact and potent language syntax and built in API functions to create apps. Sometimes you need to interface with other specialized components created by foreign development tools and languages - such as functions imported from .DLL files, .SO files, etc. The following short script demonstrates how to use the "Intelligent Mail Encoder" DLL from the US postal service. Try and find examples of this DLL in use by other other languages. You'll see that the code required to do the exact same thing in other languages, is much more complicated than the script below:
REBOL [title: "USPS Intelligent Mail Encoder"] write/binary %usps4cb.dll read/binary http://re-bol.com/usps4cb.dll GEN-CODESTRING: make routine! [ t [string!] r[string!] c [string!] return: [integer!] ] load/library %usps4cb.dll "USPS4CB" t: request-text/title/default "Tracking #:" "00700901032403000000" r: request-text/title/default "Routing #:" "55431308099" GEN-CODESTRING t r (make string! 65) alert first second first :GEN-CODESTRING
Here's a program that allows you to view and save photos from your computer's camera, using the messy native Windows "avicap32" DLL. This code demonstrates a bit more what it's like to program in other languages, even though the entire program is made simpler by REBOL. Paste this code into the REBOL editor and press [F5] to see it run:
REBOL [title: "Camera"] avicap32.dll: load/library %avicap32.dll user32.dll: load/library %user32.dll get-focus: make routine! [return: [int]] user32.dll "GetFocus" set-caption: make routine! [ hwnd [int] a [string!] return: [int] ] user32.dll "SetWindowTextA" find-window-by-class: make routine! [ ClassName [string!] WindowName [integer!] return: [integer!] ] user32.dll "FindWindowA" sendmessage: make routine! [ hWnd [integer!] val1 [integer!] val2 [integer!] val3 [integer!] return: [integer!] ] user32.dll "SendMessageA" sendmessage-file: make routine! [ hWnd [integer!] val1 [integer!] val2 [integer!] val3 [string!] return: [integer!] ] user32.dll "SendMessageA" cap: make routine! [ cap [string!] child-val1 [integer!] val2 [integer!] val3 [integer!] width [integer!] height [integer!] handle [integer!] val4 [integer!] return: [integer!] ] avicap32.dll "capCreateCaptureWindowA" view/new center-face layout/tight [ image 320x240 across btn "Take Snapshot" [ sendmessage cap-result 1085 0 0 sendmessage-file cap-result 1049 0 "scrshot.bmp" save-path: first split-path system/options/script view/new center-face layout [ image load join save-path %scrshot.bmp btn "save" [ (write/binary to-file pp: request-file/save/file %photo1.bmp read/binary join save-path %scrshot.bmp ) alert join "Saved " pp unview ] ] ] btn "Exit" [ sendmessage cap-result 1205 0 0 sendmessage cap-result 1035 0 0 free user32.dll quit ] ] hwnd-set-title: get-focus set-caption hwnd-set-title "Web Camera" ; title bar hwnd: find-window-by-class "REBOLWind" 0 cap-result: cap "cap" 1342177280 0 0 320 240 hwnd 0 sendmessage cap-result 1034 0 0 sendmessage cap-result 1077 1 0 sendmessage cap-result 1075 1 0 sendmessage cap-result 1074 1 0 sendmessage cap-result 1076 1 0 do-events
You can see that the farther you get from REBOL, the more you're going to discover code that's hard to read, even after years of study and practice.
2.6 There's So Much More to See
Notice that almost all the of the pure REBOL application examples you've seen so far are tiny. Most are just a few lines long. You can copy and paste them, and with just a little basic understanding about how the REBOL language works, you'll be able to understand each line of code very quickly, make changes, and adjust the code for your own use and variation in programs that you imagine. You can learn how to create powerful data management applications that store large volumes of data, without having to learning anything else about database (DBMS) systems, imported libraries, object oriented programming (although REBOL does support objects, when desired), or other concepts that slow you down.
It becomes very exciting to think that small applications presented so far could be altered and combined to provide truly unique software features. The spreadsheet and full screen presentation scripts, for example, could be combined and used to read live data from a web site, email, account, or database, to create a unique sort of "live" presentation displaying updated real-time data figures and computations. The ability to perform totally customizable operations and interactions that are simply impossible using off-the-shelf boxed software and non-programming tools, are endless, and limited only to your own needs and creative motivations.
Because REBOL code snippets and syntax are so simple to learn, so short, and so concise, such great power comes with a much quicker learning curve than even that required to learn, for example, Excel + basic VBA scripting, or even the most fundamental web site scripting. REBOL's powerful ability to parse, sort, search, organize, manipulate, save, retrieve, and perform computations intuitively and concisely, on all types of data coming from all sorts of sources; it's ability to create graphic user interface windows (GUIs) more simply than any other language; it's ability to operate in desktop, web, and mobile environments; it's small size and extraordinary portability between operating systems; and more; gives users of all levels and backgrounds the ability to code powerful solutions to a huge variety of computing goals, quickly and easily.
Since REBOL is a tiny (about 1/2 a meg) multi-platform interpreter, it can be downloaded and used immediately, without installation, on all platforms, as a lightweight file manager, text editor, calculator, database manager, email client, ftp client, news reader, image viewer/editor, OS shell, and more. You can employ it as a simple utility program with a familiar interface to common computing activities, on just about any computer, even if you're unfamiliar with the operating system. All REBOL applications, and the entire development system itself, are instantly transportable. You can even send complex REBOL scripts along with all the REBOL interpreters for Windows, Mac, and Linux as a tiny email attachment smaller that a single photograph. Complex scripts will operate and appear exactly the same visually to every user, using every type of computer, without any other required software installation dependencies, operating system or version updates, data conversion or reformatting work, etc. REBOL's size, portability, and free cost remove all limitations to transferring, computing, and presenting data in any environment, using any standard equipment.
And REBOL is powerful. Businesses around the globe have been relying on it to manage critical processes and large operations, for more than 15 years.
2.7 A Telling Comparison
To provide a quick idea of how much easier REBOL is than other languages, here's a short example. The following code to create a basic program window with REBOL was presented earlier:
view layout [size 400x300]It works on every type of computer, in exactly the same way.
Code for the same simple example is presented below in the C++ language. It does the exact same thing as the REBOL one-liner above, except it only works on Microsoft Windows machines. If you want to do the same thing with a Macintosh computer, you need to memorize a completely different page of C++ code. The same is true for Linux or any other operating system. You have to learn enormous chunks of code to do very simple things, and those chunks of code are different for every type of computer. Furthermore, you typically need to spend a semester's worth of time learning very basic things about code syntax and fundamentals about how a computer 'thinks' before you even begin to tackle useful basics like the code below:
#include <windows.h> /* Declare Windows procedure */ LRESULT CALLBACK WindowProcedure (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); /* Make the class name into a global variable */ char szClassName[ ] = "C_Example"; int WINAPI WinMain (HINSTANCE hThisInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpszArgument, int nFunsterStil) { HWND hwnd; /* This is the handle for our window */ MSG messages; /* Here messages to the application are saved */ WNDCLASSEX wincl; /* Data structure for the windowclass */ /* The Window structure */ wincl.hInstance = hThisInstance; wincl.lpszClassName = szClassName; wincl.lpfnWndProc = WindowProcedure; /* This function is called by windows */ wincl.style = CS_DBLCLKS; /* Catch double-clicks */ wincl.cbSize = sizeof (WNDCLASSEX); /* Use default icon and mouse-pointer */ wincl.hIcon = LoadIcon (NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); wincl.hIconSm = LoadIcon (NULL, IDI_APPLICATION); wincl.hCursor = LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_ARROW); wincl.lpszMenuName = NULL; /* No menu */ wincl.cbClsExtra = 0; /* No extra bytes after the window class */ wincl.cbWndExtra = 0; /* structure or the window instance */ /* Use Windows's default color as window background */ wincl.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH) COLOR_BACKGROUND; /* Register window class. If it fails quit the program */ if (!RegisterClassEx (&wincl)) return 0; /* The class is registered, let's create the program*/ hwnd = CreateWindowEx ( 0, /* Extended possibilites for variation */ szClassName, /* Classname */ "C_Example", /* Title Text */ WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, /* default window */ CW_USEDEFAULT, /* Windows decides the position */ CW_USEDEFAULT, /* where the window ends up on the screen */ 400, /* The programs width */ 300, /* and height in pixels */ HWND_DESKTOP, /* The window is a child-window to desktop */ NULL, /* No menu */ hThisInstance, /* Program Instance handler */ NULL /* No Window Creation data */ ); /* Make the window visible on the screen */ ShowWindow (hwnd, nFunsterStil); /* Run the message loop. It will run until GetMessage() returns 0 */ while (GetMessage (&messages, NULL, 0, 0)) { /* Translate virtual-key messages into character messages */ TranslateMessage(&messages); /* Send message to WindowProcedure */ DispatchMessage(&messages); } /* The program return-value is 0 - The value that PostQuitMessage() gave */ return messages.wParam; } /* This function is called by the Windows function DispatchMessage() */ LRESULT CALLBACK WindowProcedure (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { switch (message) /* handle the messages */ { case WM_DESTROY: PostQuitMessage (0); /* send a WM_QUIT to the message queue */ break; default: /* for messages that we don't deal with */ return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, lParam); } return 0; }Yuck. Back to REBOL...
3. Learning How Everything Works
If you do any significant study about other languages, you'll very quickly discover that trying to accomplish any of the sorts of things you've seen here, requires far more effort, understanding, frustration, and written lines of code, using any tool but REBOL.
At the tutorial links below, every one of the examples shown on this page have been fully documented, with line-by-line explanations of every function, variable, and language construct, in a way that is totally understandable, from the ground up, with absolutely no programming background required, and with absolutely no other study materials required:
http://business-programming.com
The first text above, alone, contains more than 100 working applications of every type. Business apps for managing schedule, payroll, communications, financial data crunching, visual presentation, and every conceivable routine in normal business operations. Web site apps such as forum, page building, group coordination, data collection/processing/backup, and more. Classic game models, graphics, sound, utility scripts, and much more are all also covered in depth. Those texts teach everything you need to know, in detail, from the ground up. You'd have to read tens of thousands of instructional pages and take several years to really learn how to do all the same things in any other language.
A series of 68 YouTube video tutorials about REBOL (10 hours of video) is also available, if you prefer sitting back and watching. Don't expect to learn, however, without reading, then copying and pasting, then altering and editing, then looking up syntax, then writing from scratch, lots and lots of code. You'll need to repeat that process many times until you can apply design concepts and coding syntax fluently and intuitively.
A simple executable tutorial application is also available. It's worth downloading and running this Windows program just to see the really nice introductory demonstration programs.
A quick REBOL game programming tutorial is available here.
A tutorial about using REBOL with the Etsy API is available here.
An additional CGI web programming tutorial is available here (not recommended for absolute beginners).
A slideshow presentation covering the introduction of the business programming text is available here. This presentation is important to see, if you're trying to decide whether or not learning to program (or learning to program with REBOL), is "worth it" (it is!).
See http://re-bol.com/examples.txt for a complete REBOL code reference.
Go to http://rebolforum.com to ask questions.
4. Get a FREE Private REBOL Programming Lesson With Nick Antonaccio
The easiest way to start actually learning to write useful code, is to get some personal help.
Hi, my name is Nick Antonaccio. I teach private REBOL programming lessons online using state of the art video conferencing and screen sharing techniques. I'm a well known developer and instructor in the REBOL community (REBOLer of the year in 2010). You can read more about me here, and see some of the significant businesses I own and operate (entirely with REBOL software) here and here. I've been a pioneer in teaching online for nearly a decade, and was featured in an article on the front page of the New York Times in 2012. I have a Masters degree from IU and have created accredited courses and a required text book for that university. I've helped 100s of clients build critical business computing systems, and my own REBOL commercial software directly operates many millions of dollars of critical business transactions each year.
I can help you learn basic or advanced REBOL programming topics, or build from scratch any sort of custom application you imagine, quickly and easily with REBOL.
To introduce myself to new students and clients, I offer an absolutely free, private, no strings attached, one-one-one lesson and/or consultation, live online. If you'd like to take a free personal interactive lesson, if you'd like me to build you an application, or if you have any questions, you can get in touch with me 3 ways:
- Go to http://rebolforum.com to ask questions in the forum.
- Send an email to com2@com-pute.com, with the word "lessons" in the subject.
- Leave me a phone message at 267-352-3625.
Setting up a free lesson/consultation appointment is easy. Just let me know your preferred times, a little about your skill level and what you'd like to learn. Students must be 18 years or older, or have parents' permission. If you want me to create an application for you, let me know a little about your imagined program's specifications. You can read my article at http://www.wherecanifindaprogrammer.com/wherecanifindaprogrammer.html#section-2 to learn how to organize and communicate ideas about creating new apps.
Like REBOL, I keep my lessons easy, fun, and productive. There's really absolutely no catch to the free offer - it's simply the best way for me to introduce myself to new potential students and clients. If you're not interested in taking any more lessons or talking after the first free session, you'll never hear from me again. If you do want to take more lessons or if you do want help writing software, my rate is $25 per 1/2 hour. I am used to writing code on the spot, while clients watch, to create applications, and I can do it quickly. Please don't be afraid to call or write if you have any questions. I'm friendly, and I truly enjoy teaching REBOL to new students, and creating software. You will NOT get advertising messages from me unless you specifically ask to be contacted personally.
5. More Programs to Look Through
There are more than 1000 REBOL program donated by community members at rebol.org (more than 100 by yours truly). Here are a few more examples by this author which may inspire you to look at REBOL:
REBOL [title: "Blogger"] page: "blog.html" ftp-url: ftp://user:pass@site.com/public_html/folder/ html-url: join http://site.com/folder/ page save/png %dot.png to-image layout/tight [box white 1x1] ; blank image view center-face gui: layout [ h2 (form html-url) text "Title:" t: field 400 text "Link:" l: field 400 text "Image:" i: btn 400 [i/text: request-file show i] text "Text:" x: area 400x100 across btn "Upload" [ if error? try [existing-text: read html-url] [ make-dir ftp-url write (join ftp-url page) "" existing-text: copy "" ] picture: last split-path to-file i/text write/binary (join ftp-url picture) (read/binary to-file i/text) write (join ftp-url page) rejoin [ {<h1>} t/text {</h1>} {<img src="} picture {"><br><br>} now/date { } now/time { } {<a href="} l/text {">} l/text {</a><br><br>} {<center><table width=80%><tr><td><pre><strong>} x/text {</strong></pre></td></tr></table></center><br><hr>} existing-text ] browse html-url ] btn "View" [browse html-url] btn "Edit" [editor (join ftp-url page)] ]
Here's a little graphic demo that shows how to draw and control the motion of a circle on the screen:
REBOL [title: "Controlling Drawn Graphics"] pos: 200x200 view layout [ scrn: box 400x400 black rate 0:0:0.1 feel [ engage: func [face action event] [ if action = 'time [ scrn/effect/draw: copy [] append scrn/effect/draw [circle pos 20] show scrn ] ] ] effect [ draw [] ] across btn "Up" [pos/y: pos/y - 10] btn "Down" [pos/y: pos/y + 10] btn "Left" [pos/x: pos/x - 10] btn "Right" [pos/x: pos/x + 10] ]
Here's a cool animation program based on the "image contort" idea you saw earlier:
REBOL [title: "Image Contort Animation"] pos: 300x300 view layout [ scrn: box pos black effect [ draw [image logo.gif 0x0 300x0 300x300 0x300] ] btn "Animate" [ for point 1 140 1 [ scrn/effect/draw: copy reduce [ 'image logo.gif (pos - 300x300) (1x1 + (as-pair 300 point)) (pos - (as-pair 1 point)) (pos - 300x0) ] show scrn ] for point 1 300 1 [ scrn/effect/draw: copy reduce [ 'image logo.gif (1x1 + (as-pair 1 point)) (pos - 0x300) (pos - 0x0) (pos - (as-pair point 1)) ] show scrn ] ; no "reduce" is required below, because no calculations ; occur in the draw block - they're just static coords: scrn/effect/draw: copy [ image logo.gif 0x0 300x0 300x300 0x300 ] show scrn ] ]
This program was created to save sheets of guitar chord diagrams, so they can be viewed on a computer or displayed on a web site:
REBOL [Title: "Guitar Chord Diagram Maker"] fretboard: load 64#{ iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFUAAABkCAIAAAB4sesFAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAAL EwEAmpwYAAAA2UlEQVR4nO3YQQqDQBAF0XTIwXtuNjfrLITs0rowGqbqbRWxEEL+ RFU9wJ53v8DN7Gezn81+NvvZXv3liLjmPX6n/4NL//72s9l/QGbWd5m53dbc8/kR uv5RJ/QvzH42+9nsZ7OfzX62nfOPzZzzyNUxxh8+qhfVHo94/rM49y+b/Wz2s9nP Zj+b/WzuX/cvmfuXzX42+9nsZ7OfzX4296/7l8z9y2Y/m/1s9rPZz2Y/m/vX/Uvm /mWzn81+NvvZ7Gezn8396/4l2/n+y6N/f/vZ7Gezn81+tjenRWXD3TC8nAAAAABJ RU5ErkJggg== } barimage: load 64#{ iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAEoAAAAFCAIAAABtvO2fAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAAL EwEAmpwYAAAAHElEQVR4nGNsaGhgGL6AaaAdQFsw6r2hDIa59wCf/AGKgzU3RwAA AABJRU5ErkJggg== } dot: load 64#{ iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAIAAAACUFjqAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAAL EwEAmpwYAAAAFElEQVR4nGNsaGhgwA2Y8MiNYGkA22EBlPG3fjQAAAAASUVORK5C YII= } movestyle: [ engage: func [f a e] [ if a = 'down [ initial-position: e/offset remove find f/parent-face/pane f append f/parent-face/pane f ] if find [over away] a [ f/offset: f/offset + (e/offset - initial-position) ] show f ] ] gui: [ backdrop white currentfretboard: image fretboard 255x300 currentbar: image barimage 240x15 feel movestyle text "INSTRUCTIONS:" underline text "Drag dots and other widgets onto the fretboard." across text "Resize the fretboard:" tab rotary "255x300" "170x200" "85x100" [ currentfretboard/size: to-pair value show currentfretboard switch value [ "255x300" [currentbar/size: 240x15 show currentbar] "170x200" [currentbar/size: 160x10 show currentbar] "85x100" [currentbar/size: 80x5 show currentbar] ] ] return button "Save Diagram" [ filename: to-file request-file/save/file "1.png" save/png filename to-image currentfretboard ] tab button "Print" [ filelist: sort request-file/title "Select image(s) to print:" html: copy "<html><body>" foreach file filelist [ append html rejoin [ {<img src="file:///} to-local-file file {">} ] ] append html [</body></html>] write %chords.html trim/auto html browse %chords.html ] ] loop 50 [append gui [at 275x50 image dot 30x30 feel movestyle]] loop 50 [append gui [at 275x100 image dot 20x20 feel movestyle]] loop 50 [append gui [at 275x140 image dot 10x10 feel movestyle]] loop 6 [append gui [at 273x165 text "X" bold feel movestyle]] loop 6 [append gui [at 273x185 text "O" bold feel movestyle]] view layout gui
This guitar chord program is a bit more complex. It uses REBOL's draw dialect to create professional looking fretboard diagrams for any type of chord possible:
REBOL [title: "Jazz Guitar Chords"] root6-shapes: [ "." "major triad, no symbol (just a root note)" [1 3 5 11 55 111] "m" "minor triad, min, mi, m, -" [1 b3 5 11 55 111] "aug" "augmented triad, aug, #5, +5" [1 3 b6 11 111] "dim" "diminished triad, dim, b5, -5" [1 b3 b5 11] "5" "power chord, 5" [1 55] "sus4" "sus4, sus" [1 4 5 11 55 111] "sus2" "sus2, 2" [1 99 5 11] "6" "major 6, maj6, ma6, 6" [1 3 5 6 11] "m6" "minor 6, min6, mi6, m6" [1 b3 5 6 11] "69" "major 6/9, 6/9, add6/9" [1 111 3 13 9] "maj7" "major 7, maj7, ma7, M7, (triangle) 7" [1 3 5 7 11 55] "7" "dominant 7, 7" [1 3 5 b7 11 55] "m7" "minor 7, min7, mi7, m7, -7" [1 b3 5 b7 11 55] "m7(b5)" "half diminished, min7(b5), (circle w/ line), m7(-5), -7(b5)" [1 b3 b5 b7 11] "dim7" "diminished 7, dim7, (circle) 7" [1 b3 b5 6 11] "7sus4" "dominant 7 sus4 (7sus4)" [1 4 5 b7 55 11] "7sus2" "dominant 7 sus2 (7sus2)" [1 b7 99 5 11] "7(b5)" "dominant 7 flat 5, 7(b5), 7(-5)" [1 3 b5 b7 11] "7(+5)" "augmented 7, 7(#5), 7(+5)" [1 3 b6 b7 11] "7(b9)" "dominant 7 flat 9, 7(b9), 7(-9)" [1 3 5 b7 b9] "7(+9)" "dominant 7 sharp 9, 7(#9), 7(+9)" [1 111 3 b77 b33] "7(b5b9)" "dominant 7 b5 b9, 7(b5b9), 7(-5-9)" [1 3 b5 b7 b9] "7(b5+9)" "dominant 7 b5 #9, 7(b5#9), 7(-5+9)" [1 3 b5 b7 b33] "7(+5b9)" "augmented 7 flat 9, aug7(b9), 7(#5b9)" [1 3 b6 b7 b9] "7(+5+9)" "augmented 7 sharp 9, aug7(#9), 7(#5#9)" [1 3 b6 b7 b33] "add9" "add9, add2" [1 3 5 999 55 11] "madd9" "minor add9, min add9, m add9, m add2" [1 b3 5 999 55 11] "maj9" "major 9, maj9, ma9, M9, (triangle) 9" [1 3 5 7 9] "maj9(+11)" "major 9 sharp 11, maj9(#11), M9(+11)" [1 3 7 9 b5] "9" "dominant 9, 9" [1 3 5 b7 9 55] "9sus" "dominant 9 sus4, 9sus4, 9sus" [1 4 5 b7 9 55] "9(+11)" "dominant 9 sharp 11, 9(#11), 9(+11)" [1 3 b7 9 b5] "m9" "minor 9, min9, mi9, m9, -9" [1 b3 5 b7 9 55] "11" "dominant 11, 11" [1 b7 99 44 11] "maj13" "major 13, maj13, ma13, M13, (triangle) 13" [1 3 55 7 11 13] "13" "dominant 13, 13" [1 3 55 b7 11 13] "m13" "minor 13, min13, mi13, m13, -13" [1 b3 55 b7 11 13] ] root6-map: [ 1 20x70 11 120x70 111 60x110 3 80x90 33 40x50 b3 80x70 5 100x70 55 40x110 b5 100x50 7 60x90 b7 60x70 9 120x110 99 80x50 6 60x50 13 100x110 4 80x110 44 100x30 999 60x150 b77 100x130 b33 120x130 b9 120x90 b6 100x90 b55 40x90 ] root5-shapes: [ "." "major triad, no symbol (just a root note)" [1 3 5 11 55] "m" "minor triad, min, mi, m, -" [1 b3 5 11 55] "aug" "augmented triad, aug, #5, +5" [1 3 b6 11 b66] "dim" "diminished triad, dim, b5, -5" [1 b3 b5 11] "5" "power chord, 5" [1 55] "sus4" "sus4, sus" [1 4 5 11 55] "sus2" "sus2, 2" [1 9 5 11 55] "6" "major 6, maj6, ma6, 6" [1 3 55 13 11] "m6" "minor 6, min6, mi6, m6" [1 b3 55 13 11] "69" "major 6/9, 6/9, add6/9" [1 33 6 9 5] "maj7" "major 7, maj7, ma7, M7, (triangle) 7" [1 3 5 7 55] "7" "dominant 7, 7" [1 3 5 b7 55] "m7" "minor 7, min7, mi7, m7, -7" [1 b3 5 b7 55] "m7(b5)" "half diminished, min7(b5), (circle w/ line), m7(-5), -7(b5)" [1 b3 b5 b7 b55] "dim7" "diminished 7, dim7, (circle) 7" [1 b33 b5 6 111] "7sus4" "dominant 7 sus4, 7sus4" [1 4 5 b7 55] "7sus2" "dominant 7 sus2, 7sus2" [1 9 5 b7 55] "7(b5)" "dominant 7 flat 5, 7(b5), 7(-5)" [1 33 b5 b7 111] "7(+5)" "augmented 7, 7(#5), 7(+5)" [1 33 b6 b7 111] "7(b9)" "dominant 7 flat 9, 7(b9), 7(-9)" [1 33 5 b7 b9] "7(+9)" "dominant 7 sharp 9, 7(#9), 7(+9)" [1 33 b7 b3] "7(b5b9)" "dominant 7 b5 b9, 7(b5b9), 7(-5-9)" [1 33 b5 b7 b9] "7(b5+9)" "dominant 7 b5 #9, 7(b5#9), 7(-5+9)" [1 33 b5 b7 b3] "7(+5b9)" "augmented 7 flat 9, aug7(b9), 7(#5b9)" [1 33 b6 b7 b9] "7(+5+9)" "augmented 7 sharp 9, aug7(#9), 7(#5#9)" [1 33 b7 b3 b6] "add9" "major add9, add9, add2" [1 3 5 99 55] "madd9" "minor add9, min add9, m add9, m add2" [1 b3 5 99 55] "maj9" "major 7, maj9, ma9, M9, (triangle) 9" [1 33 5 7 9] "maj9(+11)" "major 9 sharp 11, maj9(#11), M9(+11)" [1 33 b5 7 9] "9" "dominant 9, 9" [1 33 5 b7 9] "9sus" "dominant 9 sus4, 9sus4, 9sus" [1 44 5 b7 9] "9(+11)" "dominant 9 sharp 11, 9(#11), 9(+11)" [1 33 b5 b7 9] "m9" "minor 9, min9, mi9, m9, -9" [1 b33 5 b7 9] "11" "dominant 11, 11" [1 b7 9 44 444] "maj13" "major 13, maj13, ma13, M13, (triangle) 13" [1 3 55 7 13] "13" "dominant 13, 13" [1 3 55 b7 13] "m13" "minor 13, min13, mi13, m13, -13" [1 b3 55 b7 13] ] root5-map: [ 1 40x70 11 80x110 111 100x30 3 100x110 33 60x50 b33 60x30 5 120x70 55 60x110 b5 120x50 7 80x90 b7 80x70 9 100x70 6 80x50 13 120x110 4 100x130 44 60x70 444 120x30 99 80x150 b3 100x90 b9 100x50 b6 120x90 b66 60x130 b55 60x90 ] root6-notes: [ "e" {12} "f" {1} "f#" {2} "gb" {2} "g" {3} "g#" {4} "ab" {4} "a" {5} "a#" {6} "bb" {6} "b" {7} "c" {8} "c#" {9} "db" {9} "d" {10} "d#" {11} "eb" {11} ] root5-notes: [ "a" {12} "a#" {1} "bb" {1} "b" {2} "c" {3} "c#" {4} "db" {4} "d" {5} "d#" {6} "eb" {6} "e" {7} "f" {8} "f#" {9} "gb" {9} "g" {10} "g#" {11} "ab" {11} ] f: copy [] for n 20 160 20 [append f reduce ['line (as-pair 20 n) (as-pair 120 n)]] for n 20 120 20 [append f reduce ['line (as-pair n 20) (as-pair n 160)]] fretboard: to-image layout/tight [box white 150x180 effect [draw f]] view center-face layout [ across t1: text-list 60x270 data [ "E" "F" "F#" "Gb" "G" "G#" "Ab" "A" "A#" "Bb" "B" "C" "C#" "Db" "D" "D#" "Eb" ] t2: text-list 330x270 data extract/index root6-shapes 3 2 [ either empty? a/text [ a/text: rejoin [ copy t1/picked " " pick root6-shapes ((index? find root6-shapes value) - 1) ] ] [ a/text: rejoin [ a/text newline copy t1/picked " " pick root6-shapes ((index? find root6-shapes value) - 1) ] ] show a ] return a: area return btn "Create Chart" [if error? try [ make-dir %chords delete/any %chords/*.* html: copy "<html><body bgcolor=#ffffffff>" foreach [root spacer1 spacer2 type] (parse/all form a/text " ") [ diagram: copy [image fretboard] diagram2: copy [image fretboard] root1: copy root foreach itvl (third find root6-shapes type) [ either find [1 55] itvl [ append diagram reduce [ 'fill-pen white 'circle (select root6-map itvl) 5 ] ] [ append diagram reduce [ 'fill-pen black 'circle (select root6-map itvl) 5 ] ] ] append diagram reduce ['text (trim/all join root1 type) 20x0] append diagram reduce [ 'text trim/all to-string ( select root6-notes trim/all to-string root1 ) 130x65 ] save/png to-file trim/all rejoin [ %./chords/ (replace/all root1 {#} {sharp}) type ".png" ] to-image layout/tight [ box white 150x180 effect [draw diagram] ] append html rejoin [ {<img src="./} trim/all rejoin [ replace/all copy root1 {#} {sharp} type ".png" ] {">} ] foreach itvl (third find root5-shapes type) [ either find [1] itvl [ append diagram2 reduce [ 'fill-pen white 'circle (select root5-map itvl) 5 ] ] [ append diagram2 reduce [ 'fill-pen black 'circle (select root5-map itvl) 5 ] ] ] append diagram2 reduce ['text (trim/all join root type) 20x0] append diagram2 reduce [ 'text trim/all to-string ( select root5-notes trim/all to-string root ) 130x65 ] save/png to-file trim/all rejoin [ %./chords/ (replace/all root {#} {sharp}) type "5th.png" ] to-image layout/tight [ box white 150x180 effect [draw diagram2] ] append html rejoin [ {<img src="./} (trim/all rejoin [ replace/all root {#} {sharp} type "5th.png" ]) {">} ; {<img src="./spacer.bmp">} ] ] append html [</body></html>] write %./chords/chords.html trim/auto html browse %./chords/chords.html ] [alert "Error - please remove improper chord labels."]] btn "Save" [ savefile: to-file request-file/file/save %/c/mysong.txt if exists? savefile [ alert "Please choose a file name that does not already exist." return ] if error? try [save savefile a/text] [alert "File not saved"] ] btn "Load" [ if error? try [ a/text: load to-file request-file/file %/c/mysong.txt show a ] [] ] ]
Here's a little app that allows the users to select any number of images, and create a thumbnail mosaic, with chosen image size, spacing, coloring, and other layout attributes:
REBOL [Title: "Thumbnail Maker"] view center-face layout [ text "Resize input images to this height:" height: field "200" text "Create output mosaic of this width:" width: field "600" text "Space between thumbnails:" padding-size: field "30" text "Color between thumbnails:" btn "Select color" [background-color: request-color/color white] text "Thumbnails will be displayed in this order:" the-images: area across btn "Select images" [ some-images: request-file/title trim/lines {Hold down the [CTRL] key to select multiple images:} "" if some-images = none [return] foreach single-image some-images [ append the-images/text single-image append the-images/text "^/" ] show the-images ] btn "Create Thumbnail Mosaic" [ y-size: to-integer height/text mosaic-size: to-integer width/text padding: to-integer padding-size/text if error? try [background-color: to-tuple background-color][ background-color: white ] images: copy parse/all the-images/text "^/" ; see "PARSE" below if empty? images [alert "No images selected." break] mosaic: compose [ backcolor (background-color) space (padding) across ] foreach picture images [ flash rejoin ["Resizing " picture "..."] original: load to-file picture unview either original/size/2 > y-size [ new-x-factor: y-size / original/size/2 new-x-size: round original/size/1 * new-x-factor new-image: to-image layout/tight [ image original as-pair new-x-size y-size ] append mosaic compose [image (new-image)] ][ append mosaic compose [image (original)] ] current-layout: layout/tight mosaic if current-layout/size/1 > mosaic-size [ insert back back tail mosaic 'return ] ] filename: to-file request-file/file/save "mosaic.png" save/png filename (to-image layout mosaic) view/new layout [image load filename] ] ]
Here's an addictive game. Pick any image on your computer, chop it up into a few (or many) pieces, then try to put the jigsaw puzzle back together:
REBOL [title: "Jigsaw Puzzle"] random/seed now pic: load request-file/only/filter ["*.png" "*.gif" "*.jpg" "*.bmp"] siz: pic/size while [any [ siz/1 > system/view/screen-face/size/1 siz/2 > system/view/screen-face/size/2 ]] [ siz: siz * .8 pic: to-image layout/tight [image pic siz] ] divs: request-list "How many pieces?" [4 16 36 64 100 144 256 400] sqr: square-root divs x-size: round (siz/x / sqr) y-size: round (siz/y / sqr) p-size: as-pair x-size y-size end: false movestyle: [ engage: func [f a e] [if end = false [ if a = 'down [ f/data: e/offset remove find f/parent-face/pane f append f/parent-face/pane f ] if find [over away] a [ unrounded-pos: (f/offset + e/offset - f/data) snap-x: (round/to first unrounded-pos x-size) snap-y: (round/to second unrounded-pos y-size) either any [ snap-x >= siz/1 snap-x < 0 snap-y >= siz/2 snap-y < 0 ] [f/offset: unrounded-pos] [f/offset: as-pair snap-x snap-y] ] show f if all [a = 'up pic = to-image system/view/screen-face/pane/1] [ end: true alert "Congratulations - you finished!" ] ]] ] gui: compose [size (siz) key #" " [view/new layout [image (pic)]]] repeat i (to-integer sqr) [ repeat ii (to-integer sqr) [ pos: as-pair (x-size * (ii - 1)) (y-size * (i - 1)) append gui compose/deep [ at random (siz - p-size) image pic (p-size) effect compose [ crop (pos) (p-size) ] feel movestyle ] ] ] alert {Press the space bar at any time to view the original image.} view center-face layout/tight gui
Here's a fully functional Bingo game, with a built in board designer:
REBOL [title: "Bingo"] write/append %bingo_history.txt rejoin [ newline newline "NEW GAME: " now newline newline ] write %bingo_designer.r {rebol [] view center-face board-gui: layout/tight [ size 200x240 across space 0x0 style b button red 40x40 font-size 28 [ alert { Click the squares, then press the 'S' key to save the image. } ] style n button blue 40x40 effect [] [ either face/color = blue [ face/color: white show face ] [ face/color: blue show face ] ] b "B" b "I" b "N" b "G" b "O" return n n n n n return n n n n n return n n n n n return n n n n n return n n n n n return key keycode #"s" [ save/png file-name: to-file request-file/only/save/file %bingo-board_1.png to-image board-gui view/new layout [image load file-name] ] ] } insert-event-func [ either event/type = 'close [ really: request "Really close the program?" if really = true [quit] ] [event] ] cur-let: copy "" view center-face layout/tight [ size 1024x768 across space 0x0 style bb button 64x72 red bold font [size: 48] [ if ((request/confirm "End game?") = true) [quit] ] style nn button 64x72 black bold font [size: 14 color: 23.23.23] [ either face/font/size = 14 [ set-font face size 46 set-font face color white show face cur-num: to-integer face/text case [ (cur-num <= 15) [cur-let: "B"] ((cur-num > 15) and (cur-num <= 30)) [cur-let: "I"] ((cur-num > 30) and (cur-num <= 45)) [cur-let: "N"] ((cur-num > 45) and (cur-num <= 60)) [cur-let: "G"] ((cur-num > 60) and (cur-num <= 75)) [cur-let: "O"] ] write/append %bingo_history.txt rejoin [ now " " cur-let " " face/text newline ] box1/text: cur-let show box1 loop 3 [ box2/text: "" show box2 wait .4 box2/text: face/text show box2 wait .85 ] ] [ set-font face size 14 set-font face color white show face ] ] bb "B" nn "1" nn "2" nn "3" nn "4" nn "5" nn "6" nn "7" nn "8" nn "9" nn "10" nn "11" nn "12" nn "13" nn "14" nn "15" return bb "I" nn "16" nn "17" nn "18" nn "19" nn "20" nn "21" nn "22" nn "23" nn "24" nn "25" nn "26" nn "27" nn "28" nn "29" nn "30" return bb "N" nn "31" nn "32" nn "33" nn "34" nn "35" nn "36" nn "37" nn "38" nn "39" nn "40" nn "41" nn "42" nn "43" nn "44" nn "45" return bb "G" nn "46" nn "47" nn "48" nn "49" nn "50" nn "51" nn "52" nn "53" nn "54" nn "55" nn "56" nn "57" nn "58" nn "59" nn "60" return bb "O" nn "61" nn "62" nn "63" nn "64" nn "65" nn "66" nn "67" nn "68" nn "69" nn "70" nn "71" nn "72" nn "73" nn "74" nn "75" return box white 512x60 box 200.200.255 512x60 font-color blue font-size 52 "Prize: $" [ face/text: request-text/title/default "Enter Prize Text:" face/text ] return box1: box white 512x80 "" font [size: 50 color: (blue / 2)] box 200.200.255 512x80 font-size 38 font-color black "Current Game:" return box2: box white 512x240 "" font [size: 200 color: blue] box 200.200.255 136x240 image1: image 235.235.255 240x240 [ either true = request/confirm "Create new image?" [ launch %bingo_designer.r ] [ if error? try [ image1/image: load request-file/only show image1 ] [alert "Error loading image."] ] ] box 200.200.255 136x240 return box white 512x30 box 200.200.255 512x30 ]
This photo album web app can be copied to any server to display all the photos in a folder, as a web page:
#!./rebol276 -cs REBOL [title: "Web Site Photo Album"] print "content-type: text/html^/" print [<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>"Photos"</TITLE></HEAD><BODY>] attempt [print read %pageheader.html] folder: read %. count: 0 foreach file folder [ foreach ext [".jpg" ".gif" ".png" ".bmp"] [ if find file ext [ print [<BR> <CENTER>] print rejoin [{<img src="} file {">}] print [</CENTER>] count: count + 1 ] ] ] print [<BR>] print rejoin ["Total Images: " count] attempt [print read %pagefooter.html]]
This is a powerful and configurable utility that allows users to search for text within files on a hard drive. It starts in any chosen folder and spiders it's way down through all sub-folders, seaching every single file and displaying a list of found results:
REBOL [title: "Simple Search"] phrase: request-text/title/default "Text to Find:" "the" start-folder: request-dir/title "Folder to Start In:" change-dir start-folder found-list: "" recurse: func [current-folder] [ foreach item (read current-folder) [ if not dir? item [ if error? try [ if find (read to-file item) phrase [ print rejoin [{"} phrase {" found in: } what-dir item] found-list: rejoin [found-list newline what-dir item] ]] [print rejoin ["error reading " item]] ] ] foreach item (read current-folder) [ if dir? item [ change-dir item recurse %.\ change-dir %..\ ] ] ] print rejoin [{SEARCHING for "} phrase {" in } start-folder "...^/"] recurse %.\ print "^/DONE^/" editor found-list halt
Here's CGI version of the above app that can be used to search for files on your web server, using only a browser as the user interface:
#! /home/yourpath/public_html/rebol/rebol -cs REBOL [] print "content-type: text/html^/" print [<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>"Search"</TITLE></HEAD><BODY>] ; print read %template_header.html submitted: decode-cgi system/options/cgi/query-string if not empty? submitted [ phrase: submitted/2 start-folder: to-file submitted/4 change-dir start-folder found-list: "" recurse: func [current-folder] [ foreach item (read current-folder) [ if not dir? item [ if error? try [ if find (read to-file item) phrase [ print rejoin [{"} phrase {" found in: } what-dir item {<BR>}] found-list: rejoin [found-list newline what-dir item] ]] [print rejoin ["error reading " item]] ] ] foreach item (read current-folder) [ if dir? item [ change-dir item recurse %.\ change-dir %..\ ] ] ] print rejoin [{SEARCHING for "} phrase {" in } start-folder {<BR><BR>}] recurse %.\ print "<BR>DONE <BR>" ; save %found.txt found-list ; print read %template_footer.html quit ] print [<CENTER><TABLE><TR><TD>] print [<FORM ACTION="./search.cgi">] print ["Text to search for:" <BR> <INPUT TYPE="TEXT" NAME="phrase"><BR><BR>] print ["Folder to search in:" <BR> <INPUT TYPE="TEXT" NAME="folder" VALUE="../yourfolder/" ><BR><BR>] print [<INPUT TYPE="SUBMIT" NAME="Submit" VALUE="Submit">] print [</FORM>] print [</TD></TR></TABLE></CENTER>] ; print read %template_footer.htmlHere's an implementation of the classic "Snake" game. Eat the food and avoid hitting the walls:
REBOL [Title: "Snake Game"] snake: to-image layout/tight [button red 10x10] food: to-image layout/tight [button green 10x10] the-score: 0 direction: 0x10 newsection: false random/seed now rand-pair: func [s] [ to-pair rejoin [(round/to random s 10) "x" (round/to random s 10)] ] b: reduce [ 'image food ((rand-pair 190) + 50x50) 'image snake ((rand-pair 190) + 50x50) ] view center-face layout/tight gui: [ scrn: box white 300x300 effect [draw b] rate 15 feel [ engage: func [f a e] [ if a = 'key [ if e/key = 'up [direction: 0x-10] if e/key = 'down [direction: 0x10] if e/key = 'left [direction: -10x0] if e/key = 'right [direction: 10x0] ] if a = 'time [ if any [b/6/1 < 0 b/6/2 < 0 b/6/1 > 290 b/6/2 > 290] [ alert "You hit the wall!" quit ] if find (at b 7) b/6 [alert "You hit yourself!" quit] if within? b/6 b/3 10x10 [ append b reduce ['image snake (last b)] newsection: true b/3: (rand-pair 290) ] newb: copy/part head b 5 append newb (b/6 + direction) for item 7 (length? head b) 1 [ either (type? (pick b item) = pair!) [ append newb pick b (item - 3) ] [ append newb pick b item ] ] if newsection = true [ clear (back tail newb) append newb (last b) newsection: false ] b: copy newb show scrn the-score: the-score + 1 score/text: to-string the-score ] ] ] origin across h2 "Score:" score: h2 bold "000000" do [focus scrn] ]
Here's another fun game. Ski down the mountain and avoid hitting the trees:
REBOL [title: "Ski Game"] tree: load to-binary decompress 64#{ eJzt18sNwjAQBFDTBSVw5EQBnLjQE1XRngmBQEj8Wa/3M4oYOZKBKHkaWwTO1/sh jDkNx3N6HI7LcOzCfnz/9v5cMnEai7lj4mokT9C7XczUsrhvGSku6RkgDIbHAEP0 2EiIMBdMDuaOWZCSL91bQvCsSY4MHE9umXz7ydVi3xgltYvEKboexzVSlpTa614d NonpUauIv176dX0ZTRgJlVgzNl25A3gkGwld1bkrNFqqedQfEI02AU9PjDeMpac/ ShKeTXylROqCImlXRFd9zkQoh4tp+GpqlSTnLnum4HTEzK/gjpmTpDxSASlHFqYU EE/8nddG9n+9LIm8t9OeIEra2JZWDRSG4VEioa0UFCZFqv/aMQh2Rf790EnGgcJU SVAer0Bhcp7/epVJvkHzBHjPfz+XSe6BwryC5gmQno3mAY3tpba2KAAA } skier-left: load to-binary decompress 64#{ eJyN0U8og2EcB/DvNrz+E5fJZSmRf9Ej76h3Ne1AIspyMQflpJDFU/KO1cQmSnGa A3PYkvInB3kvuyzlgJolh+fCRUq5iBvP8+5lTvKrX33ep+/zp9/b2Tthhl6zvGt5 W3nX8TYhS1//MOGnSjNEa/AUxd0UVQ3raL9IYbBvA2OBI9Q0DqB6fAujl08Yi97D Hr3F5EQYSss2OrrWEFo5xB+VO5Vx/skvnxmQbDCFvxcjMJ/b0s6LAZXGA3O0ZtTt pW3WbJmDeMC8a1gE9o3bTBFI9YvGhrOKSueyEQpu9ri60vQFXFqPMx1K+sNWrdOh 73Y/uMr85fKdcIrJ0z6vxSfsYV5KCU2JEPNIlD9dFZ65AfXwD+HsKdAZiiLdqtvt Hh65E5ZklTGmDvWLgxxKkjAivwt7XxhJEvIsrCY8ikLs0Tj3yGeCKaQtdsX9fv3G N1jCJdyv84lHJkNriiM7Li29OIDV0jcU8kuIHaiPLEDEsG9DQYxiQTi0A8sBpEvh OT65GmBYH9Jx5nf8TFFUFf5ZX2hFdG1uAgAA } skier-right: load to-binary decompress 64#{ eJxz8s1jYgCDMiDWAGIJINYCYkYGFrD4D0YGOBBAMBn4++Yz6HjVMSgY1oP5gWdu M/gHTmCwNutlKJ26l6F03VUGp3XnGGo+/mGILVnMoFkwhaHm7GcGz4m7GbABFwST eQWSNXMQbM+3DAwlULbmEgaWXih75QUGzvkQJstMBwbPRRA2L1D5yS8QNudioNQF qNYPDExAZRCtDg78c6Fa7wZK3Ycq940O3L1fAcLWigpctUsZzHTSj5Jd+l7NAKS6 3HnXk6jHSiBF7sUmxi7Gl9VAZrqVOxsZuTirg8TTS0qAQs5FIPF0BhYXFkgog/zg 7gJlq5SXpaWVF4O9lZKuXl6eVl4AZLIfKS82LzYuB2nlOFxWXl5ubA6ytm1KWU65 cXExkMl09lNNR3q5eTFQPYfHE7YT6cXlJgcYGI7cPMAOMtKhgcH9wE8FBuPycgOG BoYKtl8ODL4gjccY2HSAfr4BVMvgAwyazwwsXSA7ORgY2BQYeH+Cw+sAKPo5wEHj kQAO/GZwIIHDgc0AaxQSBAAFOXD7bgIAAA== } random/seed now the-score: 0 board: reduce ['image 300x20 skier-right black] for i 1 20 1 [ pos: random 600x540 pos: pos + 0x300 append board reduce ['image pos tree black] ] view center-face layout/tight [ scrn: box white 600x440 effect [draw board] rate 0 feel [ engage: func [f a e] [ if a = 'key [ if e/key = 'right [ board/2: board/2 + 5x0 board/3: skier-right ] if e/key = 'left [ board/2: board/2 - 5x0 board/3: skier-left ] show scrn ] if a = 'time [ new-board: copy [] foreach item board [ either all [ ((type? item) = pair!) ((length? new-board) > 4) ] [ append new-board (item - 0x5) ] [ append new-board item ] coord: first back back (tail new-board) if ((type? coord) = pair!) [ if ((second coord) < -60) [ remove back tail new-board remove back tail new-board remove back tail new-board remove back tail new-board ] ] ] board: copy new-board if (length? new-board) < 84 [ column: random 600 pos: to-pair rejoin [column "x" 440] append board reduce ['image pos tree black] ] collision-board: remove/part (copy board) 4 foreach item collision-board [ if (type? item) = pair! [ if all [ ((item/1 - board/2/1) < 15) ((item/1 - board/2/1) > -40) ((board/2/2 - item/2) < 30) ((board/2/2 - item/2) > 5) ] [ alert "Ouch - you hit a tree!" alert rejoin ["Final Score: " the-score] quit ] ] ] the-score: the-score + 1 score/text: to-string the-score show scrn ] ] ] origin across h2 "Score:" score: h2 bold "000000" do [focus scrn] ]
Here's an obfuscated an minified version of the snake game. This tiny script is a playable program!
do[p: :append u: :reduce k: :pick r: :random y: :layout q: 'image z: :if g: :to-image v: :length? x: does[alert join{SCORE: }[v b]quit]s: g y/tight [btn red 10x10]o: g y/tight[btn tan 10x10]d: 0x10 w: 0 r/seed now b: u[q o(((r 19x19)* 10)+ 50x50)q s(((r 19x19)* 10)+ 50x50)]view center-face y/tight[c: area 305x305 effect[draw b]rate 15 feel[engage: func[f a e][z a = 'key[d: select u['up 0x-10 'down 0x10 'left -10x0 'right 10x0]e/key]z a = 'time[z any[b/6/1 < 0 b/6/2 < 0 b/6/1 > 290 b/6/2 > 290][x]z find(at b 7)b/6[x]z within? b/6 b/3 10x10[p b u[q s(last b)]w: 1 b/3:((r 29x29)* 10)]n: copy/part b 5 p n(b/6 + d)for i 7(v b)1 [either(type?(k b i)= pair!)[p n k b(i - 3)][p n k b i]]z w = 1[clear(back tail n)p n(last b)w: 0]b: copy n show c]]]do[focus c]]]The program below lets you record your voice or other sounds to be played as alarms for any number of multiple events. Save and Load event lists. All alarm sounds repeat until stopped. Record yourself saying 'Remind the boss of his meeting with Jim' or 'Call home and make sure the kids walk the dog', then set alarms to play those voice messages on any given day/time. If you set the alarm as a date/time, the alarm will go off only once, on that date. If you set the alarm as a time, the alarm will go off every day at that time. The .wav recording code is MS Windows only, but the program can play any wave file that is usable in REBOL:
REBOL [title: "Voice Alarms"] lib: load/library %winmm.dll mci: make routine! [c [string!] return: [logic!]] lib "mciExecute" write %play-alarm.r { REBOL [] wait 0 the-sound: load %tmp.wav evnt: load %event.tmp if (evnt = []) [evnt: "Test"] forever [ if error? try [ insert s: open sound:// the-sound wait s close s ] [ alert "Error playing sound!" ] delay: :00:07 s: request/timeout [ join uppercase evnt " alarm - repeats until you click 'stop':" "Continue" "STOP" ] delay if s = false [break] ] } current: rejoin [form now/date newline form now/time] view center-face layout [ c: box black 400x200 font-size 50 current rate :00:01 feel [ engage: func [f a e] [ if a = 'time [ c/text: rejoin [form now/date newline form now/time] show c if error? try [ foreach evnt (to-block events/text) [ if any [ evnt/1 = form rejoin [ now/date {/} now/time ] evnt/1 = form now/time ] [ if error? try [ save %event.tmp form evnt/3 write/binary %tmp.wav read/binary to-file evnt/2 launch %play-alarm.r ] [ alert "Error playing sound!" ] ; request/timeout [(form evnt/3) "Ok"] :00:05 ] ] ] [] ; do nothing if user is manually editing events ] ] ] h3 "Alarm Events (these CAN be edited manually):" events: area ; {[8:00:00am %alarm1.wav "Test Alarm - DELETE ME"]} across btn "Record Alarm Sound" [ mci "open new type waveaudio alias wav" mci "record wav" request ["*** NOW RECORDING *** Click 'stop' to end:" "STOP"] mci "stop wav" if error? try [x: first request-file/file/save %alarm1.wav] [ mci "close wav" return ] mci rejoin ["save wav " to-local-file x] mci "close wav" request [rejoin ["Here's how " form x " sounds..."] "Listen"] if error? try [ save %event.tmp "test" write/binary %tmp.wav read/binary to-file x launch %play-alarm.r ] [ alert "Error playing sound!" ] ] btn "Add Event" [ event-name: request-text/title/default "Event Title:" "Event 1" the-time: request-text/title/default "Enter a date/time:" rejoin [ now/date {/} now/time ] if error? try [set-time: to-date the-time] [ if error? try [set-time: to-time the-time] [ alert "Not a valid time!" break ] ] my-sound: request-file/title/file ".WAV file:""" %alarm1.wav if my-sound = none [break] event-block: copy [] append event-block form the-time append event-block my-sound append event-block event-name either events/text = "" [spacer: ""][spacer: newline] events/text: rejoin [events/text spacer (mold event-block)] show events ] btn "Save Events" [ write to-file request-file/file/save %alarm_events.txt events/text ] btn "Load Events" [ if error? try [ events/text: read to-file request-file/file %alarm_events.txt ] [return] show events ] ]
This example displays a real time word count of text in the area widget:
REBOL [title: "Word Count"] view layout [ i: info rate 0 feel [ engage: func [f a e] [ if a = 'time [ l: length? parse m/text none i/text: join "Wordcount: " l show i ] ] ] m: area ]
This is a slightly edited version of the 3D Maze program (raycasting engine) by Olivier Auverlot:
REBOL [title: "3D Maze - Ray Casting Example (by Olivier Auverlot)"] px: 9 * 1024 py: 11 * 1024 stride: 2 heading: 0 turn: 5 laby: [ [ 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 ] [ 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 0 8 ] [ 8 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 14 0 9 7 ] [ 7 0 0 0 12 0 4 0 13 0 0 8 ] [ 8 0 4 11 11 0 3 0 0 0 0 7 ] [ 7 0 3 0 12 3 4 3 4 3 0 8 ] [ 8 0 4 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 7 ] [ 7 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 9 8 ] [ 8 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 ] [ 7 0 5 6 5 6 0 0 0 0 0 8 ] [ 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 ] [ 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 8 7 ] ] ctable: [] for a 0 (718 + 180) 1 [ append ctable to-integer (((cosine a ) * 1024) / 20) ] palette: [ 0.0.128 0.128.0 0.128.128 0.0.128 128.0.128 128.128.0 192.192.192 128.128.128 0.0.255 0.255.0 255.255.0 0.0.255 255.0.255 0.255.255 255.255.255 ] get-angle: func [ v ] [ pick ctable (v + 1) ] retrace: does [ clear display/effect/draw xy1: xy2: 0x0 angle: remainder (heading - 66) 720 if angle < 0 [ angle: angle + 720 ] for a angle (angle + 89) 1 [ xx: px yy: py stepx: get-angle a + 90 stepy: get-angle a l: 0 until [ xx: xx - stepx yy: yy - stepy l: l + 1 column: make integer! (xx / 1024) line: make integer! (yy / 1024) laby/:line/:column <> 0 ] h: make integer! (1800 / l) xy1/y: 200 - h xy2/y: 200 + h xy2/x: xy1/x + 6 color: pick palette laby/:line/:column append display/effect/draw reduce [ 'pen color 'fill-pen color 'box xy1 xy2 ] xy1/x: xy2/x + 2 ; set to 1 for smooth walls ] ] player-move: function [ /backwards ] [ mul ] [ either backwards [ mul: -1 ] [ mul: 1 ] newpx: px - ((get-angle (heading + 90)) * stride * mul) newpy: py - ((get-angle heading) * stride * mul) c: make integer! (newpx / 1024) l: make integer! (newpy / 1024) if laby/:l/:c = 0 [ px: newpx py: newpy refresh-display ] ] evt-key: function [ f event ] [] [ if (event/type = 'key) [ switch event/key [ up [ player-move ] down [ player-move/backwards ] left [ heading: remainder (heading + (720 - turn)) 720 refresh-display ] right [ heading: remainder (heading + turn) 720 refresh-display ] ] ] event ] insert-event-func :evt-key refresh-display: does [ retrace show display ] screen: layout [ display: box 720x400 effect [ gradient 0x1 0.0.0 128.128.128 draw [] ] edge [ size: 1x1 color: 255.255.255 ] ] refresh-display view screen
I use this next security script to make sure that there are no files chmod'd to 777 on my web servers. Built in is a routine that writes the name of every folder and every file on my server, to a text file. I run this one in a CGI console - it has saved me lots of trouble with hackers:
REBOL [title: "CHMOD 777 to 755"] start-dir: what-dir all-files: to-file join start-dir %find777all.txt write all-files "" recurse: func [current-folder] [ out-data: copy "" write/append all-files rejoin["CURRENT_DIRECTORY: " what-dir newline] call/output {ls -al} out-data write/append all-files join out-data newline foreach item (read current-folder) [ if dir? item [ change-dir item recurse %.\ change-dir %..\ ] ] ] recurse %.\ file-list: to-file join start-dir %found777.txt write file-list "" current-directory: "" foreach line (read/lines all-files) [ if find line "CURRENT_DIRECTORY: " [ current-directory: line ] if find line "rwxrwxrwx" [ write/append file-list rejoin [ (find/match current-directory "CURRENT_DIRECTORY: ") (last parse/all line " ") ] write/append file-list newline ] ] foreach file (read/lines file-list) [ call rejoin [{chmod 755 } (to-local-file file)] ]I've used variations of the following script to rename all the files with a given extension in folders on my computer, to a different extension. This particular version of the script copies all the files to the same name, without any extension at all:
foreach file read %. [ if (suffix? file) = %.src [ write (to-file first parse file ".")(read to-file file) ] ]Here's a 92 character version of the classic "FizzBuzz" program. Try pasting it right into the REBOL interpreter console:
repeat i 100 [ j: "" if i // 3 = 0 [j:"fizz"] if i // 5 = 0 [j: join j "buzz"] if j = "" [j: i] print j ]The following example demonstrates how to use the Captcha library from Softinov:
REBOL [title: "Captcha"] write/binary %Caliban.caf read/binary http://re-bol.com/Caliban.caf do http://re-bol.com/captcha.r captcha/set-fonts-path %./ captcha/level: 4 write/binary %captcha.png captcha/generate write %captcha.txt captcha/text view center-face layout [ image (load %captcha.png) text "Enter the captcha text:" f1: field [ either f1/text = (read %captcha.txt) [ alert "Correct" ] [ alert "Incorrect" ] ] ]
Here's a calendar program that displays events on a calendar. It's a CGI application that runs on a web site:
#!../rebol276 -cs REBOL [] print "content-type: text/html^/" print {<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Event Calendar</TITLE></HEAD><BODY>} write/append %events.db "" bbs: load %events.db date: now/date html: copy rejoin [ {<CENTER><TABLE border=1 valign=middle width=99% height=99%> <TR><TD colspan=7 align=center height=8%><FONT size=5>} pick system/locale/months date/month { } date/year {</FONT></TD></TR><TR>} ] days: ["Sun" "Mon" "Tue" "Wed" "Thu" "Fri" "Sat"] foreach day days [ append html rejoin [ {<TD bgcolor="#206080" align=center width=10% height=5%> <FONT face="courier new,courier" color="FFFFFF" size="+1">} day {</FONT></TD>} ] ] append html {</TR><TR>} sdate: date sdate/day: 0 loop sdate/weekday // 7 + 1 [append html {<TD bgcolor=gray></TD>}] while [sdate/day: sdate/day + 1 sdate/month = date/month][ event-labels: {} foreach entry bbs [ date-in-entry: 1-Jan-1001 attempt [date-in-entry: (to-date entry/3)] if (date-in-entry = sdate) [ event-labels: rejoin [ {<font size=1>} event-labels "<strong><br><br>" {<a href="http://website.com/path/calendar">} entry/1 {</a>} "</strong>" {</font>} ] ] ] append html rejoin [ {<TD bgcolor="#} either date/day = sdate/day ["AA9060"]["FFFFFF"] ; HERE, THE EVENTS ARE PRINTED IN THE APPROPRIATE DAY: {" height=14% valign=top>} sdate/day event-labels {</TD>} ] if sdate/weekday = 6 [append html {</TR><TR>}] ] loop 7 - sdate/weekday [append html rejoin [{<TD bgcolor=gray></TD>}]] append html {</TR></TABLE></CENTER></BODY></HTML>} print html
Here's a math test program that can be used and modified by teachers:
REBOL [title: "Math Test - Simple"] random/seed now ceil: counter: total: score: 0 calculate: does [ if error? try [ either (to-integer f3/text) = do rejoin [ (to-integer f1/text) " " oprtr/text " " (to-integer f2/text) ] [ alert "Correct!" score: score + 1 ] [ alert "Wrong!!!!" ] total: total + 1 counter: counter + 1 if (counter > 10) [ ceil: ceil + 10 counter: 0 ] f3/text: copy "" f1/text: copy form (random 9 + ceil) f2/text: copy form (random 9 + ceil) show gui focus f3 ] [alert "** ERROR: Please type a number" focus f3] ] show-score: does [ alert rejoin [ {You answered } score { CORRECT and } (total - score) { WRONG.} ] ] view center-face gui: layout [ f1: field copy form (random 9 + ceil) f2: field copy form (random 9 + ceil) f3: field key #"^M" [calculate] across oprtr: rotary 40 "+" "-" "*" "/" btn "Score" [show-score] do [focus f3] ]
Here's a version of the math test program that makes use of a sprite sheet to display smiley and frowney faces based on correct and incorrect responses:
REBOL [title: "Math Test"] code: [ random/seed now ceil: counter: total: score: 0 calculate: does [ if error? try [ either (to-integer f3/text) = do rejoin [ (to-integer f1/text) " " oprtr/text " " (to-integer f2/text) ] [ alert "Correct!" score: score + 1 update-pic true ] [ alert "Wrong!!!!" update-pic false ] total: total + 1 counter: counter + 1 if (counter > 10) [ceil: ceil + 10 counter: 0] f3/text: copy "" f1/text: copy form (random 9 + ceil) f2/text: copy form (random 9 + ceil) show gui focus f3 ] [alert "** ERROR: Please type a number" focus f3] ] show-score: does [ alert rejoin [ {You answered } score { CORRECT and } (total - score) { WRONG.} ] ] update-pic: func [correct] [ z: either correct [ first random [0x0 64x0] ] [ first random [0x64 64x64] ] img/image: to-image layout/tight [ image 64x64 pic effect [crop z] ] show img ] view center-face gui: layout [ backdrop white f1: field copy form (random 9 + ceil) f2: field copy form (random 9 + ceil) f3: field key #"^M" [calculate] across oprtr: rotary 40 "+" "-" "*" "/" btn "Score" [show-score] text "" img: image 64x64 do [focus f3 update-pic true] ]] pic: load to-binary decompress 64#{ eJyVlnc02w/09z9GhdRetUcTIzGqKRWxaYMgiMSmatQqNUrNIqjWFqvUFsQetVWV 1mxLEZtWja/aOpSq1q+/55znnOff5/3v69z3eZ977rn3ns+drwDsGLQBGqD5J1ka WQA4XwR0AQb6CwwX6BkYLjCAQAyMYHYwmIkJzM3Kxsx+iZuP7xI3L6+AsISogCBE iJdXTFYMIikFg8P4ReUU5KQVJKRh0v9rQgMCgcCMYC4wmEtagFdA+v9b568ADkYg Boiho7kM0HLQ0HHQnL8BhAGA5sL/pgX+r0DAv7SMdDS0TP+wOjtAQ0dHR0tPy0h/ gZ7uH6ahpfvHOQBOcdBVLm2z25f9uHkQOrjo9BJGiFMT76Vr/kSoIulQt+/rv3IB GoCW7v/xBgC6CzS09ADDP4bgAGj/edPSMTDQ0v0fRkML0NFzcIpfvaDNZXab+7Jf dEkTAw8EkX5YOtH3+ev5AsBM98+Qg44D0ASmUb9s2lIjjUOxqszbnHsdWzMDDASH llOrOGEVy4/yXK8werlSUZqNVGwG2FRtM3qzwEymx7rZvdnowU6Sfk4+w20JHKHI ZINI8xPq7hVgYW7p+uSPZa26j21zym3b9IS/6RKiCQb68L61zyusGiP0gq7RD38M tNtWLEwWTy0FMOrega/lsN3OqoL4v3QpmtUO7UMvjlxUbajL/q4X8ONZbnb4sn92 S9lmAXbR3uy5vGXae/luvhHrhWyoaxzlFGhUFr1dcOPoCmWn1ZP7VE4k88hplQKt 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Here's another simple game example which illustrates several useful GUI techniques:
REBOL [Title: "Collect the Boxes"] random/seed now start-time: now/time level: to-integer request-text/title/default "Number of Boxes?" "10" gui: [ size 600x440 backdrop white at -99x0 key keycode [up] [p/offset: p/offset + 0x-10 show p] at -99x0 key keycode [down] [p/offset: p/offset + 0x10 show p] at -99x0 key keycode [left] [p/offset: p/offset + -10x0 show p] at -99x0 key keycode [right] [p/offset: p/offset + 10x0 show p] at -99x0 box rate 0 feel [engage: func [f a e][if a = 'time [ foreach f system/view/screen-face/pane/1/pane [ if f <> p [ if within? (f/offset + 10x10) p/offset 30x30 [ remove find system/view/screen-face/pane/1/pane f show system/view/screen-face/pane/1/pane ] ] if (length? system/view/screen-face/pane/1/pane) < 8 [ alert rejoin ["Your time: " now/time - start-time] quit ] ] ]]] ] for counter 1 level 1 [ append gui [at random 590x420 box 10x10 random 255.255.255] ] append gui [p: btn red 20x20] view center-face layout gui
This email app allows you to save your email account information, and the correct user settings will automatically be loaded every time you run the program:
REBOL [title: "Email"] m: system/schemes/default q: system/schemes/pop x: read/lines %mlst m/user: x/1 m/pass: x/2 m/host: x/3 q/host: x/4 view layout [ style f field u: f "username" p: f "password" s: f "smtp.address" o: f "pop.address" btn bold "Save Server Settings" [ foreach s reduce [ m/user: u/text m/pass: p/text m/host: s/text q/host: o/text ] [write/append %mlst join s newline] ] e: f "user@website.com" j: f "Subject" t: area btn bold "SEND" [ send/subject to-email e/text t/text j/text alert "Sent" ] y: f "your.email@somesite.com" btn bold "READ"[foreach i read to-url join "pop://" y/text [ask i]] ]
Here's a tricked out version of the data grid app you saw earlier. It demonstrates a number of nice features available in the data grid code:
REBOL [title: "Table/Grid/Listview Example With Expanded Features"] headers: ["Numbers" "TEXT (Note Sort)" "Dates"] x: [ [1 "1" 1-1-2012] [11"11"1-2-2012] [2"2"1-3-2012] ] colors: [blue black red] empty-space: 235 svv/vid-face/color: white gui-block: { h3 "RIGHT-CLICK/DRAG HEADERS TO RESIZE COLUMNS. RESIZE WINDOW..." text "Click headers to sort (note that sort is DATA-TYPE SPECIFIC)." text "Notice Arrow Keys, PgUp/PgDn Keys, Scroll Bar, and highliting" text "Click any cell to edit data. Buttons load and save data to HD." } insert-event-func [either event/type = 'resize [resize-fit none] [event]] do http://re-bol.com/gridcore.r append gui-block [ text "" return btn "Insert (Ins)" keycode [insert] [add-line] btn "Remove (Del)" #"^~" [remove-line] btn "Move (CTRL+M)" #"^M" [move-line] btn "Grow (+)" #"+" [resize-grid 1.333] btn "Shrink (-)" #"-" [resize-grid .75] btn "Fit (CTRL+R)" #"^R" [resize-fit] return btn "Load Blocked (CTRL+O)" #"^O" [load-blocked/request %blocked.txt] btn "Save Blocked (CTRL+S)" #"^S" [save-blocked/request %blocked.txt] btn "Load Flat (CTRL+U)" #"^U" [load-flat/request %flat.txt] btn "Save Flat (CTRL+F)" #"^F" [save-flat/request %flat.txt] ; do [load-blocked %blocked.txt] ] view/options center-face gui: layout gui-block [resize]
6. One Last Note About Choosing Programming Languages to Learn
None of the mainstream language choices are as pleasant to learn or as productive to use as REBOL, and most have few, if any, benefits or capabilities that aren't easily accomplished with REBOL. REBOL can be used on its own to complete more total types of commercial software projects than almost any other tool. It also really does tend to make developers 2x-20x more productive, when it can be used. If you want to create software and still have hours of the day left to do other things besides write code, there are no other development tools that give you more time. Short and concise REBOL code also tends to be easier to debug and maintain than complex code created using other development tools.
Unfortunately, programming language popularity has much more to do with marketing power (financial influence) than with capability; and for reasons typically related to job security, project managers rarely choose to use anything but the best known and accepted language tools to build products. REBOL is not one of the popular programming languages. For most of its existence, REBOL was a closed source product, and developers chose to stay way from such products made by small companies. REBOL was just recently released as an open source product, so it can now be used and adopted in ways that were never possible before. But it will take many years before you can even hope to get a job writing REBOL code, unless you do it yourself. If your goal is to work as a professional programmer, learning REBOL can be helpful because it's so productive, but you will be required to learn mainstream development languages: Java, C, C#, PHP, and others that are popular.
In a commercial development environment, language choice is dictated by employers. No one ever gets fired for choosing to use Java on a project, even if the project takes 10 times as long to finish using Java tools. That's especially true from the point of view of commercial developers who charge for the time and work required to deliver a product! Keep that perspective in mind when the question arises "Why isn't REBOL popular?" and/or "Can I really use it to create software?".
This author has written hundreds of applications that have been in commercial use for years, and the productivity gains of programming in REBOL are second to none. REBOL has been used reliably in commercial settings around the world for more than 15 years. If for no other reason, it's exciting to study and learn about REBOL, just to understand it's sheerly unique qualities, and to recognize the extraordinary technical achievement that's packed into such a well engineered, minuscule tool. Beyond being a stable and capable professional software development platform, and a fantastic computing "pocket knife", you'll find yourself constantly using REBOL to complete automation and utility tasks, quick computations, and one-off scripts with speed and simplicity that are not available using any other tool. Becoming proficient with REBOL eliminates the need for many other computing tools, and increases productivity in ways that are just not otherwise possible.
Be sure to read my tutorials if you want to learn more. If you have questions, don't be afraid to write or post them on the forum!
Keywords:
easiest programming language, simplest programming language, easiest software development, easiest way to program a computer, easiest way to create apps, how to write software, computer programming, how to create programs, write code, learn about programming, coding, get started programming
Copyright � Nick Antonaccio 2013, All Rights Reserved
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